Module 1 (Connective Tissue)

Question 1

Connective tissue

Answer 1

Most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body
Most diverse among the 4 types of tissues

Question 2

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 2

Support and protection
Structural framework
Exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste
Storage and repair
Defense

Question 3

Support and protection

Answer 3

The bones of the skull protect the brain
Kidneys are surrounded by fat padding

Question 4

Structural framework for the body

Answer 4

Cartilage supports body structures such as the trachea, ears and nose
Bones of the skeleton provide framework for skeletal muscles

Question 5

Medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste

Answer 5

Blood serves as a medium that carries gases, nutrients, wast, and blood cells to different parts of the body

Question 6

Storage and repair

Answer 6

Bones store minerals such as calcium
Fat serves as a major energy reservoir for the body

Question 7

Defense

Answer 7

Connective tissue acts as a physical barrier, through white blood cells and antibody production

Question 8

Cells of connective tissue

Answer 8

Many different kinds of cells can be found in CTs

Question 9

Diversity of cells in CTs

Answer 9

In some CTs, there is a large diversity of cell types, in others, diversity is low

Question 10

Fixed and wandering cells in CT

Answer 10

Some cells are fixed (permanent residents) others are wandering (migrants who have entered the CT from blood in response to specific stimuli)

Question 11

Three types of fibres secreted by fibroblasts

Answer 11

Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

Question 12

What are fibres made up of

Answer 12

Formed by proteins made of long peptide chains
Different components and proportions of fibre types lead to diverse functions

Question 13

Ground substances

Answer 13

Occupy space between the cells and fibres of CT

Question 14

Characteristics of ground substances

Answer 14

High water content, transparent, colourless, and viscous

Question 15

Types of connective tissue

Answer 15

Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue

Question 16

Two types of connective tissue proper

Answer 16

Loose CT and Dense CT

Question 17

Two types of supporting connective tissue

Answer 17

Bone and cartilage

Question 18

Loose CT

Answer 18

Has more ground substance with few CT fibres

Question 19

Example of loose CT

Answer 19

Adipose tissue (fat cells)

Question 20

Characteristics of adipose tissue

Answer 20

Specialized type of loose CT where fat cells account for most of its volume

Question 21

Functions of adipose tissue

Answer 21

Acts as a padding, insulates against heat loss through skin, serves as packing or filler around and between structures

Question 22

Dense CT

Answer 22

Less ground substance with more CT fibres

Question 23

Example of dense CT

Answer 23

Elastic tissue

Question 24

Characteristics of elastic tissue

Answer 24

Specialized type of dense CT composed of bundles of thick parallel elastic fibres between which we find some collagen and fibroblasts
Has the ability to stretch and recoil

Question 25

Bone

Answer 25

Important structural tissue that forms the framework of the body

Question 26

Functions of bone

Answer 26

Support Locomotion Protection Blood cell production Mineral metabolism

Question 27

Cartilage

Answer 27

Structural component of the body

Question 28

Characteristic of cartilage

Answer 28

Firm tissue, softer and more flexible than bone

Question 29

Where is cartilage found

Answer 29

Joints between moveable bones Between the vertebrae in the spine Ears and nose Bronchial tubes or airways

Question 30

Specialized (fluid) connective tissues

Answer 30

Blood and lymph

Question 31

Blood

Answer 31

Fluid within blood vessels and the heart Performs a number of essential functions

Question 32

Lymph

Answer 32

Interstitial fluid that is collected into thin-walled lymphatic vessels and transported to the cardiovascular system

Question 33

What is interstitial fluid

Answer 33

Fluid that bathes cells

Question 34

Range of consistency of CT

Answer 34

Ranges from gel-like softness of areolar CT to the hardness of bone

Question 35

Types of CT

Answer 35

Losse CT Dense regular CT Dense irregular CT

Question 36

Components of CT

Answer 36

Exists in a number of forms but all types have 3 basic structural elements Cells Fibers Ground substance (Intercellular substance)

Question 37

Fibers of CT

Answer 37

Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers

Question 38

Collagen fibers

Answer 38

Most common fiber type Flexible fibers with a high tensile strength

Question 39

Appearance of collagen fibers

Answer 39

Microscopic structure of collagen fiber appears similar to rope

Question 40

Reticular fibers

Answer 40

Thin fibers that from a branching interwoven network with no common alignment

Question 41

Appearance of reticular fibers

Answer 41

Thinnest of the 3

Question 42

Elastic fibers

Answer 42

Thick and branched, have rubber-like material that is able to stretch

Question 43

Appearance of elastic fibers

Answer 43

Appear wavy or curly

Question 44

What is the bone composed of

Answer 44

1/3 organic 2/3 inorganic

Question 45

What do organic components include

Answer 45

Cells, fibers, and ground substance

Question 46

What do inorganic components include

Answer 46

Minerals and salt which provide rigidity of the bone

Question 47

What are osteons

Answer 47

Structured pattern of repeating cylindrical structures that make up the bone

Question 48

What is each osteon made of

Answer 48

Concentric rings with a hollow central canal Also called the Haversian canal

Question 49

Where are the cellular components of bone located

Answer 49

Between concentric rings

Question 50

Components of cartilage

Answer 50

Cells Fibers Ground substance

Question 51

What are the cells of cartilage primarily

Answer 51

Chondrocytes, which are located throughout the ground substance in small spaces call lacunae

Question 52

What is lacunae

Answer 52

Small spaces in cartilage that house one or more chondrocytes

Question 53

Fibers of cartilage

Answer 53

Can include various collagen or elastic fibers scattered throughout

Question 54

Ground substance of cartilage

Answer 54

A firm gel that makes cartilage solid

Question 55

Additional components of cartilage

Answer 55

Perichondrium and lacunae

Question 56

What is perichondrium

Answer 56

Dense irregular CT that envelopes cartilage to provide nutrients to the cartilage

Question 57

What are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 57

Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic

Question 58

What is the most common type of cartilage

Answer 58

Hyaline

Question 59

Anatomical characteristics of hyaline cartilage

Answer 59

Wear-resistant tissue that is designed to bear and distribute weight Strong, rubbery, and flexible tissue

Question 60

Location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 60

Joint surface of moveable joints Walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi, and ribs

Question 61

Anatomical characteristics of fibrocartilage

Answer 61

Tough and inflexible Durable and resistant to compression

Question 62

Location of fibrocartilage

Answer 62

Intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis

Question 63

Anatomical characteristics of elastic cartilage

Answer 63

More flexible than hyaline cartilage

Question 64

Location of elastic cartilage

Answer 64

External ear, eustachian tube (connects ear to nose), and epiglottis (barrier to trachea during swallowing food or drink)