Module 5 Nervous tissue Part 1 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
True or false
All the nerve tissues found in the body
belong to the Nervous System
A
True
2
Q
Nervous system three major functions
A
- Sensory
- Integration
- Motor
3
Q
Monitors internal & external
environment through presence of
receptors
A
Sensory
4
Q
Interpretation of sensory
information
A
Integration
5
Q
Response to information processed
through stimulation of
effectors
A
Motor
6
Q
Two Anatomical Divisions of Nervous system
A
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
7
Q
Central nervous system (CNS) consist of
A
Brain and spinal cord
8
Q
Brain and spinal cord contains of
A
nerve cells-neuron
Supporting cells- neuroglia
9
Q
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of
A
All the neural tissue outside of the CNS
10
Q
Transmit impulse from PNS to CNS
A
Afferent division (sensory input)
11
Q
Transmit impulse from CNS out to PNS
A
Efferent division (motor output)
12
Q
2 types of efferent division
A
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
13
Q
Small group of nerves outside the CNS
A
Ganglia
14
Q
Two types of nerve cells in nervous system
A
- Neurons or nerve cell
- Neuroglia or glial cell
15
Q
Two types of nerve cells in nervous system
A
- Neurons or nerve cell
- Neuroglia or glial cell
16
Q
Processing, transfer, and storage of information
A
Neurons or Nerve cell
17
Q
Support, regulation & protection of neurons
A
Neuroglia or Glial cell
18
Q
Neuron structure
A
- Dendrite
- Cell body or perikaryon
- Axon
- Synaptic terminal
19
Q
Are the elongated processes extending from
perikaryon
A
Dendrite
20
Q
Specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons
synapse
A
Dendrite
21
Q
Consists of nucleus and most of cell organelles
except cell processes
A
Cell body or perikaryon
22
Q
Serve as trophic center for all the neurons
A
Cell body or perikaryon
23
Q
With large euchromatic nucleus with well developed nucleolus.
A
Cell body or perikaryon
24
Q
contains Nissl substance or Nissl bodies which are
large masses of polysomes and Rough endoplasmic reticulum indicative of high rate protein synthesis
A
Cell body or perikaryon
25
Are large masses of polysomes and Rough endoplasmic reticulum indicative of high rate protein synthesis
Nissl substance or Nissl bodies
26
A single long process ending at synapses
Axon
27
Specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells
Axon
28
Covered with myelin sheath
Axon
29
Axon End has many small branches called
telodendria
30
end is knob like structure that forms part of
synapse connection with other neuron
Axon
31
Unique sites in the neuron that send stimuli
Synaptic terminal/synapse
32
Axons surrounded by
myelin sheath
Myelinated axons
33
presence of myelin speeds
up the transmission of
action potentials along the
axon
Myelin sheath
34
unmyelinated gaps left when
myelin laid down in segments
(internodes) along the axon
Nodes of ranvier
35
area where neuron communicates
with another cell ( muscle cell, another
neuron attached or close to it)
Synapse
36
At the synapse there are
1. Pre-synaptic cell
2. Post- synaptic cell
3. Synaptic cleft
4. Synaptic knob
37
It is the neuron that sends
message
Pre-synaptic cell
38
It is the cell that receives
message
Post-synaptic cell
39
small gap that separates pre- synaptic membrane
and post-synaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
40
expanded portion of axon of presynaptic
neuron
Synaptic knob
41
contain vesicles of neurotransmitters
Synaptic knob
42
chemical messengers released at presynaptic
membrane
Neurotransmitters
43
bind to receptors of postsynaptic membrane are
broken down by enzymes are reassembled at
synaptic knob for use in case of another impulse
Neurotransmitters
44
Classifications of neurons
1. Structural classification
2. Functional classification
45
based on number of processes
coming off of the cell body
Structural classification
46
4 structural classification
1. Anaxonic neurons
2. Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron
3. Bipolar neuron
4. Multipolar neuron
47
no anatomical clues to
determine axons from
dendrites
Anaxonic neurons
48
Anaxonic neurons functions are
unknown
49
single process coming off
cell body
Unipolar
(pseudounipolar) neuron
50
giving rise to dendrites (at one end) & axon (making up rest of process)
Unipolar
(pseudounipolar) neuron
51
two processes coming off cell
body – one dendrite & one axon
Bipolar
52
only found in eye, ear & nose
Bipolar
53
Example of where bipolar can be found
cells of retina,
vestibular & cochlear
ganglia
54
multiple dendrites & single
axon
Multipolar
55
it is the most common type neuron
Multipolar
56
Example of multipolar neuron
motor nerve cells of
ventral gray matter of
spinal cord & brain stem
57
based on type of information & direction of info
transmission
Functional classification
58
3 Functional classification
1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
2. Motor (efferent) neurons
3. Association (interneurons)
59
transmit information from receptors of PNS
to CNS
Sensory (afferent) neurons
60
most sensory neurons are unipolar, few are bipolar
Sensory (afferent) neurons
61
transmit motor information from CNS to effectors
(muscles/glands/adipose tissue) in periphery of body
Motor (efferent) neurons
62
all are multipolar
Motor (efferent) neurons
Association (interneurons)
63
transmit information between neurons within CNS;
analyze inputs, coordinate outputs
Association (interneurons)
64
most common type of neuron (
20 billion)
Association (interneurons)
65
4 Neuron Doctrine
1. An independent anatomic unit
2. Neuron is physiological unit
3. Neuron is a genetic or developmental unit
4. Nerve cell is a trophic (to nourish) unit
66
consisting of an axon and dendrites , no physical
continuity
An independent anatomic unit
67
Only thru neurons are impulse detected
Neuron is physiological unit
68
A neuroblast gives rise to single nerve cell & its
processes
Neuron is a genetic or developmental unit
69
once axon is severed, distal portion degenerates
while the proximal part survives & regenerate since its still attached to & nourished by the cell body
Nerve cell is a trophic (to nourish) unit
70
Axons of Neurons tend to group together into
Organized bundle
71
Organized bundle
1.Nerves in PNS
2. Tracts/pathways in the CNS
72
Most axons surrounded by
Myelin sheath
73
White matter are
Myelinated
74
Gray matter are
unmyelinated
75
Cell bodies of neurons are
clustered together
76
Clustered together
1. Ganglia in the PNS
2. Nuclei/centers in the CNS
77
support neuronal survival and
activities
Glial cells
78
More abundant in the mammalian brain
than neurons
Glial cells
79
CNS, has very small amount of........and..........glial cells served as re3placement for the cells of the
connective tissues in some aspects
connective tissue and collagen
80
4 types of CNS neuroglia
1. Astrocytes or Astroglia
2. Oligodendrocytes/ Oligodendroglia
3. Microglia or Mesoglia
4. Ependymal cells
81
2 types of PNS neuroglia
1. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
2. Satellite cells
82
o largest with numerous radiating processes
o Star shaped with central nuclei
o Unique and the most number of glial cells in CNS
Astrocytes/Astroglia
83
3 types of Astrocytes
1. Fibrous astrocytes
2. Protoplasmic astrocytes
3. Glial fibrillary acid protein
84
are astrocytes with long
processes and found in the white matter
Fibrous astrocytes
85
are astrocytes with shorter
processes and mostly found in the gray matter
Protoplasmic astrocytes-
86
made the bundle of
intermediate filaments and served as unique marker for astrocytes since astrocytes are the most common source of brain tumor
Glial fibrillary acid protein
87
create supportive framework for neurons
Astrocytes/Astroglia
88
create “blood-brain barrier” called glial limiting
membrane
Astrocytes/Astroglia
89
monitor & regulate interstitial fluid surrounding
neurons, movement of nutrients, water and
metabolites between neurons and blood vessels
Astrocytes/Astroglia
90
o stimulate formation of scar tissue secondary to CNS
injury
Astrocytes/Astroglia
91
o Guiding and supporting movements and locati9ns of
developing neurons in the CNS
Astrocytes/Astroglia
92
o With less processes and Shorter than other
neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes/ Oligodendroglia
93
create
myelin sheath around axons that serve as
insulator of neurons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes/ Oligodendroglia
94
Extend sheetlike processes – the myelin sheath,
that surrounds parts of several axons
. Oligodendrocytes/ Oligodendroglia
95
Most common glial cells in the white matter ( color
is due to the lipid concentrated in the membrane
wrapped sheaths
. Oligodendrocytes/ Oligodendroglia
96
Microscopically seen as small cells with rounded,
condensed nuclei over unstained cytoplasm
. Oligodendrocytes/ Oligodendroglia
97
o Small phagocytic type, mesodermal in origin
o Small cells with short processes distributed
evenly in the gray and white mater
o Resembles inactive fibroblast
Microglia/Mesoglia
98
“brain macrophages”, phagocytize cellular
wastes & pathogens together with neutrophils
. Microglia/Mesoglia
99
Nuclei of microglial cells can be identified
using Hematoxylin and Eosin stain, observe
their small dense, elongated structure
compared with the lightly stained nuclei of
other glial cells
. Microglia/Mesoglia
100
o Cuboidal or columnar cells lining the cavities of
CNS
o line ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal
cord
Ependymal cells
101
Joined apically with junctional complexes like
in Epithelial cells but it has no basal lamina
Ependymal cells
102
Ependymal cells in
Embryo????
Adult?????
Embryo: ciliated
o Adult: some are ciliated
103
produce, monitor & help circulate CSF
Ependymal cells
104
* surround all axons of neurons in PNS creatingneurilemma around them
Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
105
Neurilemma allows for potential regeneration
of damaged axons
. Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
106
creates myelin sheath around most axons of
PNS- one Schwann cell forms myelin sheath in
one segment of an axon
. Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
107
* Serve as covering for
the large neuronal cell
bodies in the ganglia of
PNS
Satellite cells
108
* support groups of cell
bodies of neurons w/in
ganglia of PNS with
insulation, nutrition and
regulation of their
environment
Satellite cells
