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Reviewer Histology Lecture > Module 5 Nervous tissue Part 2 > Flashcards

Module 5 Nervous tissue Part 2 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

To process and coordinate:
o sensory data from inside and outside of
body

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

To process and coordinate:
motor commands: control activities of
peripheral organs ex: skeletal muscles,
glands,etc

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

To process and coordinate:
higher functions of brain: intelligence,
memory, learning, emotion

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Major region of CNS

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Spinal cord
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5
Q

Covered by 3 layers of connective tissue

A

Meninges

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6
Q

with very small amount of collagen
or fibrous tissue which make them delicate
and damaged easily due to injuries in the
cranial and vertebral bones that protects
them

A

Meninges

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7
Q

made by
regions of the nervous
system containing
groupings of myelinated
axons, composed of
capillaries, neuroglia,
nerve fibers

A

White matter

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8
Q

mainly
comprised of groups of
neuron cell bodies,
dendrites & synapses
(connections between
neurons)

A

Gray mater

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9
Q

membranes made up of connective
tissues that brain tissues from cranial bone

A

Meninges

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10
Q

3 layers of meninges

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia matter
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11
Q

Composed of dense fibroelastic connective tissue
that continue to the periosteum of the cranial
bone

A

Dura matter

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12
Q
  • All internal surface of dura mater and external or
    spinal cord is surrounded by simple squamous
    epithelium that originated from mesenchyme
A

Dura matter

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13
Q
  • Subdural space separate dura mater from the
    arachnoid
A

Dura matter

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14
Q

connective tissue sheet in contact with
dura mater and collagen and fibroblast arranged
loosely , with collagen and fibroblast

A

Arachnoid

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15
Q

Connective tissue in the …………..has no capillaries
to supply nutrients but it has larger blood vessels

A

Arachnoid

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16
Q

sponge-like cavity filled with
CSF, surrounds the trabeculae. It serve as cushion
that protect CNS from trauma

A

Subarachnoid

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17
Q

a CSF filled projection covered by
endothelial cells, serve as site for absorption of CSF into the blood

A

Arachnoid villi

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18
Q

Composed of flattened cells closely lined
in the surface of CNS tissue

A

Pia matter

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19
Q

It does not directly connect with the
nerve cells or fibers

A

Pia matter

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20
Q

Completely enveloped the Cerebral
arteries and veins travel in the
subarachnoid space

A

Pia matter

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21
Q

composed of capillary endothelial cells,
protects neuron and glia from toxins,
infectious agents and other substances

A

Blood brain barrier

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22
Q

– Composed of highly vascularized tissue with
prominent folds and villi projecting into 4
large ventricles of the brain

A

Choroid plexus

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23
Q

– Function is to remove water from blood and
release it as CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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24
Q

largest part of human brain

A

Cerebrum or cortex

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25
associated w/ higher brain function: thought and action
Cerebrum or cortex
26
* involved in coordination of voluntary motor movement, balance and equilibrium and muscle tone
Cerebellum or little brain
27
Layer of gray matter that constitutes the outer layer of the cerebrum and is responsible for integrating sensory impulses and for higher intellectual functions
Cerebral cortex
28
6 Layers of the cerebrum
1. Molecular or plexiform layer 2.External granular layer 3.External pyramidal layer: 4.Internal granular layer: 5.Internal pyramidal layer or ganglionic layer (Betz cells) 6.Multiform layer:
29
* chiefly composed of cell processes.
Molecular or plexiform layer
30
* contains small pyramidal cells and numerous closely packed stellate cells
External granular layer
31
* Composed mainly of large pyramidal cells and some stellate cells
External pyramidal layer
32
: consists of closely packed stellate cells
Internal granular layer
33
* contains large pyramidal cells., stellate cells and Martinotti cells
Internal pyramidal layer or ganglionic layer (Betz cells)
34
contains neurons of many shapes.,pyramidal cells, stellate cells and Martinotti cells
.Multiform layer
35
Cells of the Cerebral cortex
* Pyramidal cells * Non pyramidal cells
36
cells of Non pyramidal cells
1. stellate cells ( granular cells) 2. Horizontal cells 3. Martinotti cells
37
The most numerous neurons in the cerebral cortex
Pyramidal cell
38
multipolar neuron, large vesicular nucleus
Pyramidal cell
39
one main apical dendrites that run towards the most superficial part of the cerebral cortex and some other smaller dendrites
Pyramidal cell
40
arises from the center of base and runs in the white mater
Axon
41
also called as granule cells because of their small size
Stellate cells
42
found in most superficial layer
Horizontal cells
43
found in the deeper layers
Martinotti cells
44
Cerebellum:3 layers of cerebellar cortex
1. Molecular layer 2. Purkinje cells 3. Granular layer
45
Cell population is low  Mainly composed of cell processes  Stellate cells and basket cells are present here
Molecular layer
46
Large, multipolar neurons  Vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus  Large number of Nissl granules in the cytoplasm
Purkinje fiber
47
Population of small neurons are called
Granule cells
48
appear as closely packed nuclei, stain deeply basophilic
Granule cells
49
Golgi type II cells are also present
Granular layer
50
short axon which make synapse with terminal branches of Mossy fibers
Granular layer
51
 sends sensations to brain from the body
Spinal cord
52
 returns motor commands to the various parts of the body
Spinal cord
53
 has primary role in reflexes and in autonomic nervous system
Spinal cord
54
Central canal is present lined by
Ependymal cells
55
shaped arrangement of gray matter
Inner butterfly
56
Nerve made up of bundle of axons, CT and blood vessels
Peripheral Nervous System
57
Carry sensory information and motor commands in PNS ( into and out of the CNS).
Peripheral nervous system
58
2 categories of Peripheral nervous system
1. Cranial nerves 2. Spinal nerves
59
connected to the brain
Cranial nerves
60
attached to spinal cord
spinal nerves
61
helps bring information in and helps carry direction that are given to it by the brain out of the CNS
Peripheral nervous system
62
Functional division of PNS
1. Afferent division ( Accessing) 2. Efferent division ( Exiting)
63
carries sensory information from PNS to CNS
Afferent division (Accessing)
64
carries motor commands out of CNS to PNS muscles glands and other tissues
Efferent division (Exiting)
65
2 parts of the Afferent division
1. Receptors 2. Effectors
66
pick up a change or stimulus
Afferent division
67
* bring the information to the CNS for interpretation
Afferent division
68
neuron and specialized cells
Afferent division
69
Afferent division complex sensory organs Ex:
eyes, ears, etc
70
respond to afferent signals or to the information picked up by the receptors
Efferent division
71
- cells and organs
Efferent division
72
2 parts of the Efferent division
1. Somatic nervous system 2. Autonomic nervous system
73
controls skeletal muscle contraction
Somatic nervous system
74
voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions (reflexes)
Somatic nervous system
75
control subconscious actions, contractions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular secretions
Autonomic nervous system
76
“Fight or Flight response”– has a stimulating effect
Sympathetic
77
“rest and digest” – has a relaxing effect
Parasympathetic
78
Serve as relay station to transmit nerve impulses
PNS Ganglia
79
– large cell bodies has thin sheetlike extension of small glial satellite cell
Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia
80
Supported by connective tissue capsule
Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia
81
receive impulses to be delivered to CNS
Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia
82
example of Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia
Dorsal root of ganglia
83
– clusters of neuron cell bodies that transmit sensory signals from the periphery to the integration centers in the CNS
Autonomic Ganglia/ Visceral or Peripheral Motor Ganglia
84
Nerves that effect the activity of smooth muscles, all involuntary activities like secretion of glands, heart rate
Autonomic Ganglia/ Visceral or Peripheral Motor ganglia
85
two types of PNS ganglia
1. Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia 2. Autonomic Ganglia/ Visceral or Peripheral Motor Ganglia
86
3 Peripheral nerve endings:
1. Ending in epithelium 2. Endings in connective tissue 3. Endings in musc
87
Endings in Epithelium- Example T N F
Tactile Disc of Merkel (for touch) neuroepithelium in taste buds, free nerve endings
88
Endings in Connective tissues- Example M R
Meissner’s corpuscles (for touch), Ruffini’s cylinder (for heat)
89
Endings in Muscles ( found in ends of efferent nerves in contact with muscles, glands)
Motor nerve endings
90
Endings in muscle ( arising from ganglia of spinal cord and cerebral nerves)
Sensory nerve endings
91
outer tube like layer of dense irregular CT
Epineurium
92
encases fascicle thicker and more resistant than epineurium
Perineurium
93
encloses nerve fiber
Endoneurium
94
-thin cytoplasmic covering - produced by Schwann cells
Neurolemma/ sheath of Schwann
95
regular interval interruption of myelin over whole length of axon
Nodes of Ranvier
96
Classification of Nerve Fibers
* Medullated nerve fibers w/ neurolemma * Medullated nerve fibers w/o neurolemma * Non – Medullated nerve fibers w/ neurolemma * Non – Medullated nerve fibers w/o neurolemma
97
white, multi layered, fatty covering for some nerve processes
Myelin Sheath (Medullary Sheath)
98
arranged in segments, separated by Nodes of Ranvier (enables salutatory conduction)
Myelin Sheath (Medullary Sheath)
98
segment b/w 2 nodes of Ranvier
Internode
99
In fixed preparation, myelin darkened by Osmium tetroxide or Weigert's staining method
Myelin sheath (Medullary Sheath)
100
Weigert's staining method result
The axon (lipoprotein complex)remained unstained
101
Function of Myelin sheath (Medullary sheath)
Insulation of nerve process Increased speed of conduction
102
– the glial cell does not form the wrapping of the myelin sheath
Unmyelininated Fibers
103
* With the absence of rudolf myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier are not visible
Unmyelininated Fibers

Reviewer Histology Lecture (4 decks)

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