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A&PII > Module 6.1 - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 6.1 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

A

the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina (inside), and vulva (outside)

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2
Q

What are other names for the oviducts?

A

fallopian tubes or uterine tubes

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3
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

produce eggs and estrogen as well as maintain the development of a fetus after fertilization of an egg occurs

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4
Q

What are ovaries?

A

main reproductive organ in females, 2 almond shaped glands

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5
Q

What are ovarian follicles?

A

each hold an immature egg

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6
Q

What is ovulation? And its frequency?

A

release of a mature egg, occurs approximately every 28 days

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7
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

an egg is released from the ovarian follicle, becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation, if an egg is fertilized, it remains; if not, it disintegrates

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8
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Occurs at bursted follicle, helps maintain pregnancy if egg is fertilized by producing progesterone to prepare uterine lining

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9
Q

What does the duct system of the female reproductive system include?

A

oviducts, uterus, and vaginal canal

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10
Q

Where are the oviducts located?

A

extend from (but do not touch) the ovaries to the uterus

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11
Q

What are the 3 sections of oviducts?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

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12
Q

What are the 3 coats of oviducts?

A

the outer serous coat, middle muscular coat, and inner mucosa coat

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13
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

finger-like projections on the infundibulum that capture an egg from the ovary at the time of ovulation

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14
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

end of the tube farthest from the uterus

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15
Q

What are the 2 factors that sweep the egg into the oviduct?

A

fimbriae and the beating of the cilia that line the oviducts

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16
Q

What is the location and function of the ampulla?

A

region of the tube where egg is most often fertilized, its mucosal layer nourishes the fertilized egg during its early cell divisions

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17
Q

What is another name for a fertilized egg?

A

zygote

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18
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

opens into the uterus, delivering the developing embryo into the uterine cavity when it is time for implantation

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19
Q

What moves the zygote through the isthmus?

A

combination of muscular contractions and cilia

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20
Q

What is the uterus?

A

hollow, thick-walled muscular organ shaped like an inverted pear connecting the uterine tubes and vagina, located between the bladder and rectum

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21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

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22
Q

Describe the perimetrium.

A

the outer serous layer of the uterus

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23
Q

Describe the myometrium.

A

middle muscular layer of uterus, expands during pregnancy to hold growing fetus and contracts during labor to push the baby out of the uterus

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24
Q

Describe the endometrium.

A

inner layer of uterus where embryo completes development, shed monthly (~28 days) if the female is not pregnant

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25
What is menstruation?
monthly shedding of the endometrium if the female is not pregnant
26
What are the 3 regions of the uterus?
fundus, body, and cervix
27
What is the fundus?
upper part of the uterus, height can be measured from top of pubic bone to provide growth rates and a crude indication of abnormality
28
What is the body of the uterus?
middle section, receives the fertilized ovum, where it becomes implanted in the endometrium
29
What is the cervix?
lower portion of the uterus, connects the uterus to the vagina
30
How does the cervix change?
in size and texture, swells, softens, and secretes mucus just prior to ovulation
31
What happens to the cervix during pregnancy?
a mucus plug develops and prevents any pathogens from entering the uterus, holding the developing fetus until full term
32
What is the vaginal canal?
an elastic muscular tube that leads from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body
33
What are the layers of the vaginal wall?
inner tissue layer, intermediate muscle layer, and outer tissue layer
34
What causes the wetness of the vaginal surface?
achieved by mucus from the cervix
35
What is the outer layer of the vagina made of?
elastic fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
36
What is the structure of the mucosal lining and what is its function?
lies in folds and can extend, important when the vagina serves as the birth canal
37
What are the functions of the vagina?
receives the male penis during sexual intercourse, provides the outlet for menstrual blood, and serves as the birth canal
38
What is the vulva?
external female genitalia, consists of the mons pubis, vestibule, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral, and vaginal orifices
39
What is the mons pubis?
fat pad located in front of the pubic symphysis, covered with hair after puberty
40
What is the vestibule?
surrounds the urethral and vaginal orifices
41
What are the labia majora?
outer fold of skin located posterior to the mons pubis
42
What are the labia minora?
2nd set of skin folds surrounded by the labia majora
43
What is the clitoris?
located at the anterior end of the labia majora
44
What are the 2 orifices and their locations?
the urethral orifice which is anterior to the vaginal orifice, openings for the urethra and vagina located inside the labia minora
45
What is a mammary gland?
female breast tissue, contains 1-2 dozen lobules
46
What does each lobule contain?
its own mammary duct
47
Describe the mammary duct.
it begins at the nipple and divides into numerous other ducts ending in blind sacs
48
What are alveoli?
the blind sacs ending at the numerous ducts of the mammary duct, made up of cells that can produce milk
49
In non-lactating breasts, are there more ducts or alveoli?
more ducts, because more alveoli are not required since milk production is not required
50
Why is milk not produced during pregnancy?
prolactin is needed for lactation to begin and is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone; milk production begins a few days after delivery
51
What is colostrum?
watery, yellowish-white fluid produced by breasts prior to milk production, similar composition to milk but has higher protein concentration
52
What is oogenesis?
the production of eggs in the ovaries that occurs during development of the fetus in the womb, complete by the time of birth
53
When is the reproductive lifetime of a female?
from puberty to about her 50th year of life, when menopause starts
54
What are female stem cells called? What do they do?
oogonia, which undergo mitotic division into 2 daughter cells
55
What are primary oocytes?
the 2 daughter cells from mitotic division of oogonia
56
What are primary follicles?
cover the primary oocytes
57
What is FSH?
follicle stimulating hormone, secreted by anterior pituitary gland when a female reaches puberty, causes a few follicles to mature each month
58
What does the first meiotic division of a primary oocyte create?
2 daughter cells: the secondary oocyte and the first polar body
59
What is a polar body?
produced so chromosomes divide properly, all cytoplasm is donated to the secondary oocyte in case of fertilization
60
What happens if the secondary oocyte is united with sperm?
the second meiotic division occurs
61
What does the 2nd meiotic division produce?
a second polar body and an ovum with 23 chromosomes
62
What happens after the 2nd meiotic division?
the ovum and sperm combine their chromosomes to form a fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes
63
How many polar bodies are produced?
2 or 3 depending if the first polar body undergoes 2nd meiotic division
64
What is an ovum?
viable gamete with 23 chromosomes
65
What is luteinizing hormone (LH)?
secreted by anterior pituitary gland around time of ovulation, triggers ovulation and causes follicle to become corpus luteum
66
What 2 hormones do ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
67
What is estrogen?
important in production of eggs and menstrual cycle, responsible for secondary sex characteristics
68
What are secondary sex characteristics?
changes that occur throughout the body beginning in puberty, include enlarged breasts, widening of the pelvis, and fat deposits
69
What is progesterone?
necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy but does not promote secondary sexual characteristics
70
What is the menstrual cycle?
aka the uterine cycle, every month, the ovaries release hormones that cause changes to the endometrium of the uterus
71
What cycle is closely integrated with the menstrual cycle?
the ovarian cycle
72
What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?
menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phase
73
What is the menstrual phase?
begins on day 1 when all but the innermost basal layer of the endometrium is shed and continues through day five
74
What is menstrual flow?
detached tissue of the endometrium and blood flow from the uterus into the vagina and exit the body via the vaginal orifice
75
What is the proliferative phase?
occurs during days 6-14 as the endometrium rebuilds in response to increasing estrogen levels
76
When does ovulation typically occur?
day 14
77
What does the anterior pituitary gland release LH in response to?
high levels of estrogen
78
What is the secretory phase?
final phase, occurs during days 15-28, the corpus luteum begins to secrete progesterone
79
What begins the start of the menstrual phase?
If fertilization has not occurred, the corpus luteum dies and the endometrium blood supply decreases

A&PII (19 decks)

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