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module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

whats the five special senses

A 
smell (olfaction)
Taste (gustation)
Hearing (audition)
Balance (equilibrium)
Vision
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2
Q

whats the hearing and balance receptors

A

mechanoreceptors respond to stretch, bend or deformation

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3
Q

whats the vision receptors

A

photoreceptors- contrain molecules that respond to light

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4
Q

whats the taste and smell receptors

A

chemoreceptors- response to chemicals

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5
Q

what must happen to experience the sensations of olfaction

A

smell molecules (odourants) must be volatile (or gaseous) and dissolved in fluid to activate olfactory receptors.

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6
Q

where are olfacotry neurons located

A

olfactory epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity

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7
Q

what do cila do in the nose

A

branch from the dendrite of each olfactory neurone and contain proteins that function as chemoreceptors.
cila provide a large surface area to increase the chances of coming into contact with an odourant, and are surrounded by mucus, which capture and dissolve odourants.
Binding of dissolved odourants to the receptor proteins triggers the opening of ion channels to generate a graded potential

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8
Q

what will happen is the stimuli is strong enough (smell)

A

o reach threshold an acton potential is generated and travels along the olfactory nerve to reach the olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe.

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9
Q

whats the olfactory pathway

A

receptor proteins of olfactory sensory neurons
Olfactory nerve cranial nerve I
Olfactory cortex to the temporal lobe
Olfactory cortex to:
1. The frontal lobe where smell is consciously interpreted and identified.
2. To hypothalamus and other regions of limbic system where an emotional response to the odour is elected.

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10
Q

whats the role of smell

A
  • Noicrecptors and thermoreceptors are also found in the nasal cavity and detect pain and temperature respectively. They are activated by irritants such as ammonia and chilli peppers.
    Smells can also signal danger such as smoke or gas and trigger a flight or fight response. - —-
    Appetising smells can stimulate salvation.
    Smell can offer protection by triggering sneezing and choking in response to unpleasant odours.
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11
Q

what the receptor cells for taste called and where are they located

A

Gustattory epithelial cells located within the taste buds , soft palate, cheeks, epiglottis and pharynx.

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12
Q

whats the function of saliva

A

is to allow food to dissolve and penetrate into the taste bud and bind to receptors of gustatory hair cell.
This triggers an action potential conducted along cranial nerves VII, IX and X to the thalamus and the gustatory cortex.

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13
Q

whats the pathway of taste

A

Gustatory hair cell receptors of the gustatory epithelial cells
facila (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves to thalamus gustatory cortex of the insula.
Hypothalamus and limbic system where an emotional response to the taste is elicited.

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14
Q

whats the 5 basic taste sensations and how their function

A
  1. Sweet, guides food rich carbohydrates, important for energy
  2. Sour, indicates unripe fruits or spoiled fruit.
  3. Salty, important fr mineral and water balance
  4. Bitter, warning signal because many toxic plants contain bitter tasting substances.
  5. Umami (beef flavour), indicates protein rich foods.
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15
Q

whats the role of taste

A

triggers reflexes such as increased secretions of saliva and gastric juices important for digestion. Taste also imitate protective reflexes such as gagging and vomiting.
The tough also has thermoreceptros, mechanoreceptors, noicreceptors that influences tastes and provide protective information.

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16
Q

whats the three major areas of the ear

A
  1. External (outer) ear- hearing only
  2. Middle ear (typanic cavity)- hearing only
  3. Internal (inner) ear- hearing and balance
    receptors for hearing and balance response to seperate stimuli
    Are activated independently
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17
Q

structure and function of parts of the external ear

A

Auricle (pinna)
elastic cartilage
Auricle funnels sound waves into the external acoustic meatus.
External acoustic meatus
auditory canal extends to the typanic membrane ( eardrum)
Sound waves entering external acoustic meatus travel to and vibrate tympanic membrane
Earwax secreting glands traps foreign particles
Tympanic membrane
thin translucent membrane
Looks liike flattend cone
Vibrates in response to sound waves which then transfer sound energy to bones of middle ear.

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18
Q

whats the structure and function of the middle ear

A

air filled cavity in the temporal bone
Located between the tympanic membrane laterally and medial by bony wall containing
Ovaral window and round window
Contrains auditory ossicles
Contains pharyngotympanic tube
Pharynotoympanic tube
connects middle ear to nasopharynx
Equalises air pressure in the middle ear cavity with external air pressure
Opens when you swallow or yarn
Auditory Ossicles;
Malleus- hammer
Incus- anvil
Stapes- stirrup (smallest bones in the body)
the role of auditory ossicles is to transmit and amplify the vibratory motion of the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Movement of the oval widow creates pressure waves in perilymph of cochlea.

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19
Q

whats the regions if the internal ear

A

located in the temporal bone
two major divisors of internal ear
1. Bony labyrinth- tunnels in the temporal bone subdivided into vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea filled with perilymph.
2. Membranous labyrinth- series of interconnecting ascs and ducts within the bony labyrinth filled with endolymph.

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20
Q

whats the cochlea

A

spiral, bony chamber
Extends from the vestibule
Colds around like a snail shell
Contains cochlear duct that houses spiral organ (of corti)
Divided into three chambers, middle chamber Calle cochlear duct

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21
Q

whats the spiral organ

A 
organ for hearing
Cochlear hair cells, mechanoreceptors
Pressure waves (involves fluid) travel through the perilymph of the cochlea creating movement of the basilar membrane. This movement causes the cilia of the hair cells to move or bend against the tectorial membrane, initiating depolarisation
Action potentials generated in hair cells are transmitted along the vestibulcochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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22
Q

whats the pathway of sound from the Pina to the auditory cortex

A 
pinna
external auditory miatis (canal)
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles (amplifies sound)
oval window
cochlea
perilymph
spiral organ
basilar membrane
vestibularcochlear nerve
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23
Q

what do the auditory ossicles do

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A

amplify sound

24
Q

what creates pressure waves

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A

movement of stapes against oval window

25
whats the difference between the oval and round window
Oval window: opening in the bone that partitions middle ear to the start of the cochlear duct. Movement causes pressure waves within the perilymph. Round window: thin membrane that separates the end of the cochlear duct from middle ear. Absorbs pressure waves and prevents perilymph from leaking into middle ear. Allows another one to come through.
26
whats the role of equilibrium
s to provide information about the location of our head, how rapid the movement and in which direction eg. If head is bent forward or bawards, tilted or rotated. Equilibrium depends on inputs from the internal ear as well as vision and information from proprioceptors of muscles and tendons. Mechanoreceptors for equilibrium are found in the semicircular canals and vestibule of inner ear.
27
whats the two types of equilibriums
static equilibrium | dynamic equilibrium
28
whats static equilibrium
evaluating the position of the head relative to gravity (up/down) and forward/back. Information supplied when the head is motionless, or moving in a straight line- detected by hair cells in the vestibule. Eg in a lift or moving in a car
29
whats dynamic equilibrium
evaluates the position of the head while it is rotating, or moving in an angular direction- detected by hair cells in semicircular canals.
30
what structures are involved in equilibrium (balance)
vestibule | semicircular canals
31
whats the vestibule
saccule: continuous with cochlear duct Utricle: continuous with semicircular cancels Both contain equilibrium receptors Until and saccule contain hair cells that are embedded in jellylike substance Tiny stones are embedded in the surface of the jelly. When head position is changed gravity pulls on the stones and distorts the jelly and hair cells. Distortion of the hair cells is the stimulus for their depolarisation and the transmission of action potentials.
32
whats the seminal canals
3 fluid filled canals that lie in three planes of space Equilibrium receptors respond to rotational moment of the head Dynamic equilibrium contain hair cells surrounded by endolymph, angular movement moves endolymph, hair cells are distorted and are depolarised.
33
whats the pathway of equilibrium
``` distortion of the hair cells is the stimulus fro depolarisations and the transmission of action potentials along vestibulocochlear nerve Action potentials travel to: The reflex centres of the brain stem Cerebellum Vestibular cortex of the insula ```
34
which is our dominant sense
vision
35
whats the accessory structures of the eye functions
Eyebrows protect the eye from perspiration Shade from direct sunlight Eyelids muscular folds of facial skin fringed with hair Glands secrete oily lubricant that prevent eyelids from sticking together. Conjunctiva transparent mucous membrane lining the eyelids and white of the eye. Produces lubricant fluid to prevent drying out and frictoion
36
whats the function of the lens
are biconvex, transparent and flexible Changes shape to focus light on retina Round and thickened unless an outside force is applied Held in place by ciliary zones called suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary muscles
37
whats the cilliary muscles and suspensory muscles do
hold lens in place
38
when the lens bulges what happens to the cilliary muscles and zonules and give examples of situation
cillary muscles= contract towards lens ciliary zonules=loosen refactory power of lens=increased eg pencil moving closer to eye
39
when the lens fatten/thinner what happens to the cilliary muscles and zonules and give examples of situation
ciliary mussels= relax cilliary zonules= tighten refectory power of lens- decreased eg pencil move away form eye
40
what division of the autonomic ns contract ciliary muscle for close vision
parasympathetic
41
what division of the autonomic system relaxes cilliary muscles for distance vision
sympathetic
42
function of aqueous humour
supply oxygen and nutrient sot lens and cornea
43
function of visterous humour
maintains shape of eye and holds retina in place
44
whats the three layers of the eyeball
fibrous layer (outer layer) sclera – tough opaque connective tissue, covers most of eye
cornea - transparent region at front of eye 2. Vascular Layer (middle layer), three regions • choroid – highly vascularised area • ciliary body – forms ciliary muscle rings around lens • iris– adjustable diaphragm that controls diameter of pupil 3. Retina (inner layer): nervous layer photoreceptors (cones & rods) fovea centralis (visual acuity) optic disc 

45
whats rods
receptors for dim light and peripheral vision
46
whats cones
receptors for bright light, colour and visual acuity
47
whats refraction
bending of light rays as it passes through different mediums (ie: humours, cornea and lens) light travels in straight lines until they hit a different object When it hits the object the light rays bends or refract
48
whats the pathway of light in th eye
``` cornea aqueous humour pupil lens virtuous humour retina photorecpetors optic nerves optic chiasma thalamus optic radiations visual cortex of occipital lobe ```
49
whats accomodation
increasing or decreasing the refractory power of the lens (increase/decrease) the amount of bending of the light rays)
50
whats happens in distance vision
person wth normal vision, an object 6 meters or more away from the eye reflects light rays that are virtually parallel to each other. These light rays will focus on the retina wit the lens flattened (ciliary muscles relaxed, suspensory ligaments tightened) Image is inverted
51
what happens in close vision
objects closer than 6 meters reflect light rays that are on divergent paths (not parallel). Require refraction to direct them onto the retina. Hence lens thicken (become more round and fat) to increase refectory power= accommodation Achieved through contraction of the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments loosen. Image is inverted
52
whats convergence of eyeballs
turning both eyeballs medially eg looking at the tip of your nose
53
whats converting light to action potentials
light rays from an object are focussed on the retina where the photoreceptors (rods and cones) are located. Rods contain rhodpsin, which is very sensitive to light Light promotes the breakdown of rhodopsin causing the rod cell membrane to depolarise which produces an action potential of the optic nerve. Cones function in a similar way using a different type of rhodopsin.
54
the structure that houses the receptors for satic equilibrium
vestibule
55
the structure that houses the receptors for dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canal
56
the structure that houses the receptor for hearing
spiral organ of corti

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