Module 7 - Motor and Sensory Systems

Question 1

What do the premotor and supplementary motor areas do?

Answer 1

receive info from broca’s area and association areas of parietal lobe and pass info to primary motor cortex

Question 2

What does the premotor area get info about?

Answer 2

external cues; info about environment, where you are in space

Question 3

What does the supplementary motor area get info about?

Answer 3

internal cues - motor programs that are learned

Question 4

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 4

regulate muscle tone, regulate ongoing movements, inhibit extraneous motor activity, motor learning

Question 5

Where does the basal ganglia get info from and where does that info go?

Answer 5

BG gets info from everywhere, sends it everywhere

Question 6

What is the neurophysiological consequence of damage to the basal ganglia?

Answer 6

loss of inhibitory control over motor behaviors

Question 7

What are some symptoms of damage to the BG?

Answer 7

dyskinesia - involuntary movement
bradykinesia - slow movement
hypokinesia - limited range of movement
postural abnormalities
altered muscle tone

Question 8

What are the types of dyskinesia?

Answer 8

athetosis - slow involuntary writing movements
ballism - violent, forceful flinging movements
chorea - involuntary, rhythmic movements
tremor - resting, action, postural, intention

Question 9

What are some diseases associated with the BG?

Answer 9

parkinsons, huntington’s, wilson’s (degeneration in basal ganglia, hereditary)

Question 10

What is parkinson’s?

Answer 10

destruction of dopamine producing cells

Question 11

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 11

muscle synergy, muscle tone, range of movement, strength of movement, equilibrium

Question 12

How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

Answer 12

peduncles - superior (e), middle (a), inferior (a)

Question 13

The cerebellum receives extensive sensory input, but…

Answer 13

it is not involved in sensory discrimination or interpretation

Question 14

The cerebellum influences motor function, but…

Answer 14

when lesioned does not result in paralysis

Question 15

The cerebellum is involved in motor learning by…

Answer 15

modifying motor activity based on results of movement

Question 16

The cerebellum knows intention and results and so…

Answer 16

makes adjustments based on results

Question 17

The cerebellum receives info from

Answer 17

motor cortex
spinal cord
brainstem

Question 18

The cerebellum sends info to

Answer 18

thalamus, brainstem (red nucleus)

Question 19

Damage to the cerebrocerebellum results in what?

Answer 19

tremors

Question 20

Damage to the spinocerebellum results in what?

Answer 20

hypotonia, hypertonia

Question 21

Damage to the vestibulocerebellum results in what?

Answer 21

balance and gait problems

Question 22

What are some symptoms resulting from cerebellar damage?

Answer 22

ataxia, tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, rebound, disequilibrium

Question 23

What is ataxia?

Answer 23

discoordinated muscle activity (can be genetic or acquired)

Question 24

What kinds of tremors can be caused by cerebellar damage?

Answer 24

action, terminal (gets worse as limb approaches target), postural

Question 25

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

Answer 25

awkward performance of rapid alternating movements (pataka), disruption of rhythmic movements

Question 26

What is dysmetria?

Answer 26

impairment in judging distance to target (over or undershoot when reaching for something)

Question 27

what is rebound?

Answer 27

inability of agonist and antagonist to adapt to rapid changes in load

Question 28

What is disequilibrium?

Answer 28

unsteady, lurching gait, appearing drunk, exaggerated movements of legs (trying to overcompensate), tendency to fall

Question 29

What is a motor unit?

Answer 29

LMN + group of muscle fiber

Question 30

What are the three things muscles can do?

Answer 30

contract, relax, stretch

Question 31

What are the kinds of proprioceptors?

Answer 31

``` stretch receptors (spindles within each muscle - intrafusal fibers) tension receptors - golgi tendon organs, within tendons joint receptors ```

Question 32

what are extrafusal fibers?

Answer 32

contractile elements, under direction control of LMN (alpha motor neuron)

Question 33

What are intrafusal fibers?

Answer 33

muscle spindles, under control of gamma motor neuron?, have proprioreceptors -- feedback influenced by cerebellum, basal ganglia, and extrapyramidal system

Question 34

What is the importance of gamma loops?

Answer 34

they give us muscle tone; allow us to sit up and stuff.

Question 35

What are the muscle conditions we learned about?

Answer 35

paresis, paralysis, fasciculation, fibrillations

Question 36

What is paresis?

Answer 36

some alpha motor neurons are damaged

Question 37

What is paralysis

Answer 37

all motor neurons damaged

Question 38

What is fasciculation?

Answer 38

rippling muscles, spontaneous discharge

Question 39

What are the types of pyramidal pathways?

Answer 39

corticobulbar (corticonuclear), corticospinal

Question 40

What are first order sensory neurons?

Answer 40

innervate sense organ in PNS; ipsilateral

Question 41

What are second order sensory neurons?

Answer 41

projection neurons located in brain stem or spinal cord, point of deccusation, go to thalamus

Question 42

What are third order sensory neuron ?

Answer 42

cerebral cortex, primary sensory cortex

Question 43

What are the transducers for the somasthetic system?

Answer 43

tactile system receptors (non-discriminative and discriminative touch) free nerve endings (pain, cold, heat) proprioception and idfk