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Psychology > Modules 1-3 (lecture 1) > Flashcards

Modules 1-3 (lecture 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical approach

A

An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation

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2
Q

Critical thiknking

A

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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3
Q

Structualism

A

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

An early school of thought promoted by James and Influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function–how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not with (2)

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6
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.

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7
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, and communicate, and solve problems.

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8
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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9
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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10
Q

Nature-nurture Issue

A

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experiences make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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12
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind; using the principles of natural selection

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13
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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14
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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15
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Th scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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16
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

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17
Q

Level of Analysis

A

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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18
Q

Basic Research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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19
Q

Applied Research

A

A scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

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20
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieving grater well-being.

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21
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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22
Q

Psychiatry

A

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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23
Q

Community Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with social environments and how social institutions (such as schools and neighborhoods) affect individuals and groups.

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24
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a “retrieval practice effect” or “test-enhanced learning.”

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25
SQ3R
A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review
26
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
27
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organized observations and predicts behaviors.
28
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
29
Operational Definition
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, "human intelligence" may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
30
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.
31
Preregistration
Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses
32
Meta-analysis
A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion
33
Case Study
A descriptive technique in which one induvial or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
34
Naturalistic Observation
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
35
Survey
A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, "random sample" of the group
36
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
37
Population
All those in a group being studied, from which random sampled may be drawn.
38
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
39
Correlation Coefficient
A statistical index of the relationship between two things
40
Variable
Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure
41
Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots, each which represent the value of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.
42
Illusory Correlation
Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship
43
Regression Toward the Mean
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average
44
Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By "random assignment" of the participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.
45
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
46
Control Group
In an experiment the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
47
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.
48
Double-blind Procedure
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
49
Placebo Effect
Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
50
Independent Variable
In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated
51
Confounding Variable
In an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results
52
Dependent Variable
In an experiment, the outcome that is measured
53
Informed Consent
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
54
Debriefing
The postexperiential explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
55
Mode
The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.
56
Mean
The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
57
Median
The middle score in a distribution; half the score are above it and half are below it.
58
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
59
Standard Deviation
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
60
Normal Curve
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes
61
Statistical Significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
62
Wundt
Started the first Psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany
63
Freud
Invented Psychoanalysis; the "talking cure"; unconscious mind; dream meaning
64
Pavlov
Concept of "conditional reflex"; Classical conditioning
65
William James
Wrote first textbook on Psychology: "Principles of Psychology"
66
John B. Watson
Popularism the theory of Behaviorism
67
Gestalt Psychology
A theory that focuses more on patterns and configurations as a whole, rather than individual components
68
Clinical Psychology
Deals with serious mental and behavioral issues, provides therapy in private practice, hospitals, or mental health clinics
69
Experimental Psychology
research in labs, typically with animals
70
Social Psychology
Studies how behavior is affected by the presence of others, mob violence, conformity, obedience to authority, and stereotyping
71
Forensic Psychology
Working with detectives, profiling, court systems, determining the reliability of witnesses
72
Developmental Psychology
Examines how people grow and change throughout the life span from prenatal to old age and death
73
Psychologist
Someone who studies people based on their believed theory
74
Psychiatrist
Someone who has a MD and is qualified to prescribe medication
75
Basic APA guidelines for humans
Approval; informed consent; voluntary participation; privacy; protection from harm; debriefing
76
Basic APA guidelines for animals
Review and approval from IACUC; protection from unneeded harm

Psychology (13 decks)

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