Modules 23-25 (Lecture 8) Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.
Encoding
the process if getting information into the memory system– for example, by extracting meaning
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Parallel Processing
Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
Sensory Memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-Term Memory
Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten.
Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long term memory.
Explicit Memory
Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare” (AKA declarative memory)
Effortful Processing
Encoding that required attention and conscious effort
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.
Implicit Memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned independent of conscious recollection (AKA nondeclarative memory)
Iconic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with 3 or 4 seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics [nih-MON-iks]
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Spacing Effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Shallow Processing
Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.
Semantic Memory
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
