Molecular Genetics part 1

Question 1

What is a gene?

Answer 1

A specific portion of DNA that guides the production of specific proteins

Question 2

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 2

23

Question 3

What is the genotype for a female?

Answer 3

XX

Question 4

Genotype of male

Answer 4

XY

Question 5

How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

Answer 5

22

Question 6

What do scientists look for when creating a karyotype?

Answer 6

• Chromosome length
• Chromosome banding pattern
• Presence of satellites on chromosome
• Position of centromere in chromosome

Question 7

Conjugation:

Answer 7

The transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another

Question 8

Where are plasmids found?

Answer 8

In bacteria

Question 9

Histone proteins:

Answer 9

Proteins that coil DNA tightly into chromosomes

Question 10

What would cause sickness or death if injected into an organism?

Answer 10

• Virulent pneumonia

- Avirulent pneumonia mixed with heat treated virulent pneumonia

Question 11

Which scientist used radioactively coated phosphorus and sulphur to prove DNA was the transformation factor?

Answer 11

Hershey and Chase

Question 12

What did Avery, McCarty and MacLeod do?

Answer 12

The isolated virulent carbohydrates, DNA and protein and mixed it with avirulent bacteria to prove that DNA could move from one cell to another.

Question 13

What was the transformation factor in Griffith’s experiment in pneumonia?

Answer 13

DNA

Question 14

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 14

Used X-ray diffraction to take pictures of the structure of DNA

Question 15

The following is Chargaff’s rule: [A] = [T] and [C] = [G]. Explain this rule.

Answer 15

The concentration of adenine equals that of thymine, and the concentration of cytosine equals that of guanine

Question 16

What did photo 51 reveal about the structure of DNA?

Answer 16

DNA has a helical structure

Question 17

What makes up a complete nucleotide?

Answer 17

• Deoxyribose sugar
• Phosphate
• Nitrogenous base

Question 18

What kind of a backbone does DNA have?

Answer 18

Sugar phosphate

Question 19

What makes up the genetic code in DNA?

Answer 19

The pairing of nitrogenous bases

Question 20

What direction does gene replication occur?

Answer 20

5’ to 3’

Question 21

In which phase of DNA replication is the replication bubble created?

Answer 21

Initiation

Question 22

In replication the leading strand is synthesized ______ and the lagging strand is synthesized _____

Answer 22

• Continuously

- Discontinuously

Question 23

In replication, where do the replication forks form?

Answer 23

At several points along the DNA strand

Question 24

Helicase:

Answer 24

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix at several replication forks

Question 25

Binding protein:

Answer 25

Holds the strands of DNA open at each replication fork so they do not recoil

Question 26

Leading strand:

Answer 26

Is synthesized continuously 5' to 3'

Question 27

Lagging strand:

Answer 27

Is synthesized discontinuously 5' to 3'

Question 28

Polymerase 3

Answer 28

Synthesizes a strand of complementary DNA continuously in the 5' to 3' direction on both leading and lagging strands

Question 29

Primase:

Answer 29

Puts down a short RNA primer on the lagging strand

Question 30

Polymerase 2:

Answer 30

Proof reads the newly synthesized DNA

Question 31

Ligase:

Answer 31

Joins the Okazaki fragments together to make one smooth strand of complementary DNA

Question 32

What ecosystem service do pollinators provide?

Answer 32

Pollination

Question 33

Semi-conservative replication

Answer 33

Is a replication process. Each new molecule has an old strand and a new strand of DNA. This precise replication allows genetic information to be passed down from generation to generation