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Monday Flashcards

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1
Q

Essential thrombocythaemia

A

overproduction of hematopoietic cells due to the mutations of the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes

high platelets

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2
Q

Essential thrombocythaemia symptoms

A

fatigue
headaches.
dizziness

burning and tingling in hands and feet

splenomegly
bruising

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3
Q

what does too many platelets cause

A

blood clots or bleeding (blood clots use up all platelets)

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4
Q

essential thrombocythemia treatment

A

aspirin

hydroxycarbamide

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5
Q

Fanconi anemia

A

most common inherited gradual bone marrow failure

diagnosed young

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6
Q

Fanconi anemia symptoms

A

cafe au lait spots

curved spine or short

learning disabilities

abnormal growth and development

aplastic anemia

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7
Q

aplastic anemia

A

pancytopenia
and no new cells made by bone marrow

easy bruising

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8
Q

left sided heart failure

A

pressure builds up on the LHS of the heart and there is backpressure to the lungs

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9
Q

left sided heart failure symptoms

A

Shortness of breath on exertion and lying flat (Orthopnoea)

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Nocturnal cough (± pink frothy sputum)

Fatigue

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10
Q

left sided heart failure signs

A

cyanosis and hypotension

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11
Q

right sided heart failure

A

venous congestion (pressure builds up behind the right heart) and pulmonary hypoperfusion (reduced right heart output).

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12
Q

right sided heart failure symptoms

A

Ankle swelling
Weight gain
Abdominal swelling and discomfort
nausea

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13
Q

right sided heart failure signs

A

Raised JVP
Pitting peripheral oedema
ascitis
hepatomegly

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14
Q

heart failure test

A

1st line = NT-pro-BNP level

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15
Q

heart failure treatment

A

1st line = ACE-I and beta-blocker

ARB if intolerant to ACE-I.
Consider hydralazine if intolerant to ACE-I/ARB.

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16
Q

side effect of topiramate

A

kidney stones

used for epilepsy

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17
Q

lithium in pregnancy

A

Ebstein’s abnormality, where the leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced, resulting in a large right atrium and a small right ventricle.

teratogenic

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18
Q

bloods for bulimia

A

Hypokalaemia with metabolic alkalosis

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19
Q

vomiting induces

A

RAAS system to activate, retaining sodium, bicarbonate and water and expelling potassium.

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20
Q

Lugano Classification

A

non hodgkins lymphoma

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21
Q

how much folic acid when BMI over 30 preg woman

A

5g

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22
Q

most common cause of postpartum haemorrhage?

A

Uterine atony-soft and weak so can’t contract enough for blood vessels

due to lack of tone of the uterus.

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23
Q

Uterine atony management

A

IV oxytocin 10 units or IV ergometrine 500 µg

or emergancy balloon tamponade

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24
Q

early menopause blood test

A

Raised LH, raised FSH, low oestradiol levels

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25
painful periods management
Mefenamic acid NSAID
26
C5 root cervical radiculopathy
weakness of shoulder abduction and flexion elbow flexion Diminished biceps reflex and affected lateral arm sensation
27
HELLP syndrome
hemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL), and low platelets (LP) usually third trimester
28
HELLP syndrome symptoms and signs
headache nausea epigastric pain right upper quadrant pain blurred vision peripheral edema hypertension
29
HELLP syndrome treatment
delivery blood transfusions if needed
30
perineal tear first degree tear
superficial perineal skin or vaginal mucosa only
31
perineal second degree tear
perineal muscles and fascia anal sphincter intact
32
perineal third degree tear
3a: less than 50% of the thickness of the external anal sphincter is torn 3b: more than 50% of the thickness of the external anal sphincter is torn, but the internal anal sphincter is intact 3c: external and internal anal sphincters are torn, but anal mucosa is intact
33
types of focal seizures
complex simple secondary generalised
34
types of generalised seizures
abscence tonic colonic myoclonic atonic
35
complex seizures and which lobe
lose consciousness temporal lobe confusion
36
simple seizure
stay conscious no confusion after
37
Absence seizures
less than 10s
38
Tonic-clonic seizures
loss of consciousness stiffening (tonic), and jerking (clonic) confusion
39
Myoclonic seizures
sudden jerks of a limb, trunk, or face.
40
Atonic seizures
sudden loss of muscle tone, causing the patient to fall stay conscious
41
anti elliptic for pregnancy
lamotrigine (also first line for focal)
42
Guillain-Barré syndrome
acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy causing symetrical weakness after infection
43
common infections causing Guillain-Barré syndrome
campylobactor, ebv
44
Guillain-Barré syndrome symptoms
weakness starting one leg and going up lower back pain parasthesia low reflexes
45
Guillain-Barré syndrome sign on lumbar puncture
albuminocytological dissociation
46
Guillain-Barré syndrome sign on nerve conduction study
prolongation or loss of the F wave
47
what need to test for in Guillain-Barré syndrome
forced vital capacity to check lungs
48
management for Guillain-Barré syndrome
LMWH- VTE IV immunoglobulins for 5 days if severe
49
uterine prolapse symptoms
Pelvic discomfort or 'heaviness' incontinence recurrent UTIs or difficulties voiding constipation or incomplete bowel emptying Sexual dysfunction
50
types of uterine prolapse
anterior , posterior vaginal wall prolapse Apical vaginal wall (top)
51
Bartholin's cyst
Bartholin's glands outside vaginal opening secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina when become blocked, causes fluid to back up into the gland
52
tests for delirium
4AT CAM
53
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,
54
genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
PRNP gene
55
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease signs and symptoms
Rapidly progressive dementia ataxia, weakness Psychiatric impairment Myoclonus, particularly triggered by startle- twitching
56
confirmation of Diagnosis of CJD
tonsil or olphactory mucosa biopsy
57
adenomyosis
endometrial tissue in the lining of the uterus to grows muscle makes bigger and heavy periods
58
murpheys sign
appendicitis or cholecystitis
59
antibiotics that cause c diff
co amoxiclav, ciprofloaxin clindamycin cephalosporins
60
ataxia
co-ordination, balance and speech

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