Starting again :( Flashcards
1
Q
MMSE score indicating cognitive decline
A
<27
2
Q
toxoplasmosis symptoms
A
parasitic
headache
focal neuro deficit
confusion
seizures
behaviour change
3
Q
toxoplasmosis signs
A
ring-enhancing lesions in the basal ganglia, frontal lobe and parietal lobe.
4
Q
toxoplasmosis investigations
A
CSF immunofluorescence
CT/MRI
5
Q
Friedreich’s ataxia
A
autosomal recessive
GAA repeat on frataxin gene
neurodegenerative
10-20 yo
6
Q
Friedreich’s ataxia symptoms
A
ataxia
weakness
falls
sensory symptoms
high arch of foot/palate
visual, cardio, diabetes T1, deafness
7
Q
alzheimers meds mild- moderate
drug class
A
rivastigamine
galantamine
donpezil
cholinesterase inhibitors
8
Q
alzheimers severe medication and drug class
A
NMDA inhibitor (receptor of glutamate)
memantine
9
Q
severe dementia score
A
<10
10
Q
moderate dementia score
A
10-20
11
Q
Pneumocystis jiroveci
A
HIV
12
Q
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
A
alcoholics
young
13
Q
Legionella pneumophila
A
CAP
low serum Na
14
Q
lyme disease organism
how spread
A
Borrelia burgdorferi
woods
spread by ticks
15
Q
lyme disease symptoms
A
Erythema chronicum migrans rash - centre red then ring of red outside it
flu
late- neuro, arthritis, cardio symptoms
16
Q
lyme disease investigations
A
serology as can’t be cultured
17
Q
lyme disease treatment
A
removal of tick
doxyclycline if symptoms
3 weeks
18
Q
Myasthenia Gravis symptoms
A
eyes- diplopia, ptosis
limb weakness
speech/swallow
19
Q
Lambert-Eaton syndrome vs Myasthenia Gravis
A
LES weakness comes and goes
better with exercise
20
Q
prophylaxis for chemo
A
allopurinol for hyperuricaemia
21
Q
furosomide side effect
A
postural hypotension
22
Q
which meds can make parkinsons worse
A
haloperidol- antipsycotic
metoclopramide
23
Q
side effects of l dopa
A
postural hypotension
nausea and vomiting- domperidone
24
Q
parkinsons drugs other than l dopa
A
dopamine agonists
MAO- B inhibitors
COMT ihibitors
Amantadine- dyskinesia
25
dopamine agonists
Ropinirole
rotigotine
Apomorphine
26
MAO-B Inhibitors
-giline
used with levodopa later
27
COMT Inhibitors
-capone
extend levodopa
28
bishop score
used to see if spontaneous vs induction of labour
5 or less - induction
29
fibroids in pregnancy
abdo pain
vomiting
supportive treatment
30
Parkinson-plus syndromes
lewy body
cortico basal degeneration
multiple system atrophy
progressive supranuclear palsy
31
progressive supranuclear palsy
Parkinisonism and vertical gaze palsy
cognitive
postural instability
32
Parkinisonism
triad of resting tremor, hypertonia, and bradykinesia
33
multiple system atrophy
postural hypotension, incontinence, and impotence
parkinisonism
34
cortico basal degeneration
parkinisonism
spontaneous activity of affected limb
OR
rigidity of limb
35
lewy body
parkinisonism
fluctuations of cognitive impairment
visual hallucinations
36
Delayed puberty
no period and secondary sexual characteristics by 13
or
no period but normal secondary sexual characteristics by 15.
37
Hyperemesis gravidarum
severe nausea and vomiting before 20 weeks
can have some blood in vomit
needs admission
38
Hyperemesis gravidarum treatment
fluids
potassium chloride
cyclizine - 1rst line
ondansetron
metoclopramide- 2nd line
thiamine and folic acid
39
how to treat mania in bipolar
quetiapine
olanzapine
risperidone
haliperidol
40
Gonorrhoea infection
pus oozing from his urethra
dysuria- painful urination
41
Gonorrhoea investigation
NAAT- nucleic acid amplification
42
Gonorrhoea management
Ceftriaxone
43
whooping cough treatment
clarithromycin
44
motor neurone disease medication and what does it do
riluzole
extends life for 3 months
45
shingles presentation
blisters in dermatomal distribution
fever
46
first line for delirium
haloperidol and fast acting and short half life
quetiapine if parkinsons
47
rhesus negative in pregnancy management
anti d at 28 weeks
1 dose 1500IU
48
gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
penicillin and clindamycin with surgical debridement
49
active PID and contraception
no IUD or IUS
50
when to do induction of labour
41-42 weeks
51
induction of labour method
membrane sweep - finger put in cervix
after 1-2 days then try again
then prostaglandin pessary
52
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) symptoms and signs
fluid-filled blisters
crusting
+ve nikolsky sign (skin peeling off)
fever
53
Pemphigus vulgaris
fluid filled blisters
+ve nikolsky sign
mucous membranes
54
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) treatment
IV flucloxacillin
55
Cellulitis
infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
56
Erysipelas
infection of the dermis and upper subcutaneous tissue
57
Erysipelas symptoms and signs, organism
butterfly rash on cheeks and nose
strep - alpha beta haemolytic
58
Erysipelas and cellulitis treatment
flucloxacillin + benzylpenicillin severe
flucloxacillin mild-moderate
penicillin allergy then clarithromycin- cellulitis
erythromycin - erysipelas
59
Phyllodes tumour
interlobular stroma
smooth rapid growing mobile mass
abnormal stroma
60
ductal cancer on mammography
micro calcifications
61
when should gestational diabetic mums give birth by
40+6 weeks
62
side effct of lamotrigine for epilepsy
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Large blistering rash throughout the body
63
withdrawl of opiods
herion
GI upset
tachy
hypertension
64
alcohol withdrawls
GI
sweating
insomnia
irritablity
hallucinations
tremors
65
Myotonic Dystrophy
Trinucleotide repeat expansion
DMPK gene
Autosomal Dominant
66
Myotonic Dystrophy symtoms
top to bottom
frontal balding
long face
neck muscle wasting
weak hands
unable to release grip on shaking hand
67
haemophillia B
X linked recessive
factor 9
68
haemophillia A
factor 8
X linked recessive
69
treatment of minor bleeds in haemophilia A and mechanism of action
desmopressin
Releases von Willebrand factor from its storage sites in endothelial cells
70
ciprofloaxin side effect
can induce seizures
71
most common ovarian tumour
epithelial
but most common in post menopausal
72
Germ cell ovarian tumour
younger women
can feel mass- risk of torsion
73
Osteomyelitis signs
diabeties high risk
MRI- periosteal elevation of bone
staph aures
74
gram +ve
staph
strep
75
gram +ve clusters
staph
76
gram +ve chains
strep
77
alpha hamolysis
strep pneumoniae and viridans
78
beta haemolysis
strep pyogens
79
polycythaemia rubra vera
JAK 2
raised cell mass
high Hb and platelets
low serum erythropoetin
splenomegly
80
secondary causes of polycythaemia rubra vera
COPD
81
Erb's palsy cause
damage of the brachial plexus
82
Erb's palsy symptoms signs
babies with shoulder dystocia
limp upper limb, flexed wrist and fingers
waiters tip
83
Shoulder dystocia treatment
McRobert's manoeuvre
flexing the mother's thighs towards her shoulders while lying supine
84
CAP causes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
85
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) what is and RF
group of bone marrow disorders
ineffective haematopoiesis
chemo and radio- RF
86
blood film features of Myelodysplastic Syndrome
nucleated RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
large agranular platelets
megakaryocytes,
ringed sideroblasts
hypolobulated or unlobulated neutrophil nuclei
basophilic stippling
87
Myelodysplastic Syndrome treatment
blood transfusions
stem cell transplant
88
Aplastic Anaemia vs myelodysplastic syndrome
both have pancytopenia
but MDS has more specific bloods
89
leukaemia vs aplastic anemia
both have pancytopenia but leukaemia has high WBC
90
Tuberculosis (TB) Meningitis signs and symptoms
headache
fever
cough
haemoptysis
lesions seen on CT
91
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
most common in immunocomprimised, HIV
abducens nerve palsy
slightly elevated protein, lymphocytes
92
what test don't you do when have catheter
urinanysis as will already have bacteria
93
muscles for flexion of hip
iliopsoas
psoas major
rectus femoris
94
what innervates first web space
deep fibular nerve
95
midshaft fracture of humerus
radial nerve
posterior forearm paresis
can’t extend wrist
96
surgical neck of humerus fracture
axillary nerve
abduction
deltoid muscle
97
what do you go through on laminectomy
ligamentum flavum
98
laminectomy
removal of vertebral bone
99
inversion injury to ankle affects
anterior tibiofibular lig
100
sciatica sign
decreased plantar flexion
101
cubital tunnel
wasting muscle between metacarples
flattening of anteromedial border of forearm
ulnar nerve
102
foot drop
neck of fibula fracture
103
spinothalamic tract
sensory - from skin to somatosensory
nociceptive- pain
temperature
crude touch- can feel touch but don' t know where
pressure
104
dorsal column
fine touch - feel and localise
2 point discrimination - can feel 2 close areas
proprioception - ability to sense mov and location
vibration
105
lateral corticospinal tract
voluntary mov of limbs
106
Ventral corticospinal tract
controls proximal muscles like trunk
107
rubrospinal tract
flexor muscles
108
Pontine reticulospinal tract
locomotion - change positon like running, walking, swimming
postural control.
109
Medullary reticulospinal tract
locomotion
reaching
posture
110
Tectospinal tract
reflexes
111
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
eye mov and reflexes
112
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
posture and balance
