MOOD AFFECTIVE DISORDERS Flashcards
(38 cards)
What is ‘musturbation’ in the context of REBT?
The tendency to have rigid, unrealistic standards, which is challenged during therapy.
What is the focus of Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)?
- Changing interpretations of events and situations rather than the events themselves, focusing on present solutions.
- Turn irrational beliefs into rational ones
- Therapists work collaboratively to help clients to challenge self-defeating thoughts and reduce negative emotions and behaviours.
- Musturbation is tackled through disputing.
- The end goal is for clients to accept themselves, other people and their life, including all good and bad points.
How many sessions are typical for cognitive restructuring therapy?
Between five and twenty 50-minute sessions.
What is Beck’s cognitive restructuring for depression?
- Depression can be treated by identifying, challenging and changing irrational beliefs about the self, the world and the future.
- The goal is to help people to become less reliant on dysfunctional/irrational beliefs and use all available evidence when making attributions (i.e. become more objective/rational).
- Therapists ask clients how they feel when they are thinking differently to demonstrate the link between thoughts and emotions.
How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work?
They block serotonin reuptake in presynaptic neurons, increasing serotonin levels in the brain.
What is a risk associated with MAOIs?
Increased risk of stroke due to interactions with some foods.
How do monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) treat depression?
By preventing the breakdown of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine, increasing their availability.
What are common side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?
Dry mouth, dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision.
How do tricyclic antidepressants work?
They block presynaptic serotonin and noradrenaline transporter molecules, increasing neurotransmitter levels in the synapse.
How does an optimistic attributional style differ from a pessimistic one?
Failures are attributed to external, specific, and unstable factors, expecting future success.
What is a depressive attributional style?
The tendency to attribute failures to internal, global, and stable factors, resulting in pessimism.
What is confirmation bias in the context of depression?
Focusing on information that supports negative beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts them.
What is Beck’s theory of depression
- Depressive symptoms are caused by negative thoughts stemming from dysfunctional core beliefs.
- The more negative thoughts a person has, the worse their symptoms.
- Depressed people hold negative beliefs about the self, the world and the future (the negative cognitive triad).
- These beliefs develop in childhood due to criticism, rejection, neglect, abuse, bullying, experiences of loss and overprotective parenting.
- Confirmation bias means depressed people focus on information that supports negative beliefs and ignore conflicting evidence.
What is the negative cognitive triad in Beck’s cognitive theory of depression?
Negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future.
What did Oruc et al. (1997) study?
The frequency of 5-HTR2c and 5-HTT gene alleles in people with bipolar disorder compared to controls.
Which gene variant is associated with increased depression risk following stress?
Short alleles of the 5-HTT gene.
Genetic explanation of mood affective disorders?
Inheritance of specific alleles of candidate genes linked to serotonin, increasing risk especially under stress. For example, short alleles of the 5-HTT gene appear to increase depression risk when facing stressful life events compared with long alleles
According to the biochemical explanation, what causes depression?
Low levels of noradrenaline .
Seratonin regulates noradrenaline.
Is serotonin imbalance could cause noradrenaline levels to decrease leading to depression or increase leading to mania.
Who should use the Beck Depression Inventory?
Qualified health professionals, not for self-diagnosis.
What is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) used for?
Measuring the severity of depressive symptoms using 21 items scored from 0-3, considering symptoms from the last two weeks.
What is a mixed episode in bipolar disorder?
Occurrence of both depressive and manic symptoms within the same week or even day.
How long must mania last to be diagnosed as a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
At least one week.
What are the primary symptoms of a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
Euphoria, irritability,increased energy, rapid speech, impulsive and reckless behavior.
What is the minimum duration required for diagnosing depressive disorder (unipolar) according to ICD-11?
Symptoms must be present most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.
