OCD

Question 1

What are obsessions in OCD?

Answer 1

Obsessions are intrusive, unwanted, and repetitive thoughts or urges that cause anxiety.

Question 2

What are compulsions in OCD?

Answer 2

Compulsions are repetitive behaviors performed in response to obsessions, often ritualistic in nature.

Question 3

What are the treatments for OCD?

Answer 3

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)- Tricyclics- ERP (Exposure and Response Prevention )- CBT

Question 4

How long must obsessions or compulsions persist for an OCD diagnosis?

Answer 4

Obsessions or compulsions must last over an hour per day and significantly impair daily life.

Question 5

Who was Charles in Rapoport’s 1989 study?

Answer 5

Charles was a 14-year-old with OCD who spent hours on rituals and missed school.

Question 6

What is the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI)?

Answer 6

The MOCI is a 30-item true/false test assessing checking, washing, slowness, and doubting behaviors in OCD.

Question 7

What is the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)?

Answer 7

Y-BOCS is a semi-structured interview assessing the severity of obsessions and compulsions in OCD. Y-BOCS scores range from 0-40

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter levels are linked to OCD symptoms?

Answer 8

High dopamine and low serotonin levels are linked to OCD symptoms.

Question 9

How are SSRIs used in the treatment of OCD?

Answer 9

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) are used to increase serotonin and reduce OCD symptoms.

Question 10

What genetic evidence is there for OCD?

Answer 10

Twin studies show higher OCD concordance in monozygotic twins, and SERT gene mutations have been found in OCD patients.

Question 11

What is thought-action fusion in the cognitive explanation of OCD?

Answer 11

Thought-action fusion is the belief that thinking about an action increases the likelihood it will occur.

Question 12

How does negative reinforcement play a role in the behavioural explanation of OCD?

Answer 12

Negative reinforcement occurs when performing compulsions reduces anxiety, reinforcing the compulsive behavior.

Question 13

How does Freud’s psychodynamic theory explain OCD?

Answer 13

Freud suggested OCD results from unresolved conflicts between the id, ego, and superego, often linked to childhood toilet training.

Question 14

What effect do Tricyclics have on neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

Clomipramine increases levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

Question 15

What is Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)?

Answer 15

ERP is a psychological treatment that helps patients habituate to anxiety triggers without performing compulsions.

Question 16

What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the context of OCD?

Answer 16

CBT is a psychological therapy effective in reducing OCD symptoms by addressing distorted thinking and behavior patterns.

Question 17

What are the effective treatments for OCD?

Answer 17

SSRIs, CBT, and exposure-based interventions like ERP.

Question 18

What is the concordance rate of OCD in monozygotic VS dizogotic twins twins according to Monzani (2014)?

Answer 18

The concordance rate of OCD is 52% and 21%.

Question 19

What is the role of oxytocin dysfunction in OCD?

Answer 19

Dysfunction of oxytocin has been linked to OCD.

Question 20

Who found that high dopamine levels are linked to OCD-like behaviors?

Answer 20

Szechtman (1998) found that high dopamine is linked to OCD-like behaviors.

Question 21

Who found SERT gene mutations in OCD patients?

Answer 21

Ozaki (2003) found SERT gene mutations in OCD patients.

Question 22

Who found that SSRIs are effective for treating OCD?

Answer 22

Soomro (2008) found that SSRIs are effective in reducing OCD symptoms.

Question 23

What was the aim of Lovell et al

Answer 23

To compare the effectiveness of CBT delivered by

Question 24

How many participants were included in the Lovell et al. (2006) study, and what was their age range?

Answer 24

72 participants aged 16–65 years.

Question 25

What type of study did Lovell et al. (2006) use for comparing CBT delivery?

Answer 25

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) to compare exposure therapy and exposure and response prevention delivered either in 60 min face to face or 30 min telephone sessions.

Question 26

How were the CBT sessions structured in Lovell et al. (2006)?

Answer 26

10 weekly sessions of either 60-minute face-to-face or 30-minute telephone sessions.

Question 27

What measures were used to assess outcomes in Lovell et al. (2006)?

Answer 27

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and a client satisfaction questionnaire.

Question 28

At what time points were participants assessed in Lovell et al. (2006)?

Answer 28

Before and after treatment, and at one-, three-, and six-month follow-ups.

Question 29

What were the main findings of Lovell et al. (2006) regarding Y-BOCS and BDI scores?

Answer 29

No significant difference between telephone and face-to-face conditions at all time points; both showed significant reductions in Y-BOCS scores.

Question 30

What was the main conclusion of the Lovell et al. (2006) study?

Answer 30

Telephone-delivered CBT is as effective as face-to-face CBT for OCD, with no significant differences in outcomes or satisfaction.

Question 31

What limitation is associated with the measures used in Lovell et al. (2006)?

Answer 31

Reliance on self-report questionnaires, which may be influenced by social desirability or subjective interpretation.

Question 32

What are the measures of OCD

Answer 32

Maudsley Obsessive- compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Yale Brown Obsessive - Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)

Question 33

How do SSSIs treat OCD

Answer 33

by increasing serotonin levels in the brain

Question 34

What are treatments of ocd

Answer 34

SSRIs, Tricyclics, ERP, CBT