MOSBY biochem nad nutri Flashcards
(40 cards)
- Which food provides the greatest amount of energy
(kilocalories per gram [kcal/g]) per serving?
A. Wine
B. Olive oil
C. Baked chicken breast
D. Grapes
E. Peppermint hard candy
ANS: B
Olive oil (B) is a lipid (fat) that consists of 9kcal/g.
Because of the structure of lipids, they provide more
energy per gram than alcohol, carbohydrates, or
protein. Wine (A) is an alcohol and contains 7kcal/g.
Baked chicken breast (C) is primarily a protein and
contains 4 kcal/g. Grapes (D) and peppermint hard
candy (E) are carbohydrates and contain 4kcal/g.
- Each nonnutritive sweetener may be recommended to
patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) EXCEPT one.
Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Xylitol
B. Acesulfame K
C. Aspartame
D. Neotame
E. Saccharin
ANS: C
Aspartame (C) is hydrolyzed to aspartic acid, methanol,
and phenylalanine in the intestine. Patients with
phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid phenylalanine;
therefore, they should not use aspartame. Xylitol (A),
acesulfame K (B), neotame (D), and saccharin (E)
are nonnutritive sweeteners that are better choices for
individuals with PKU.
- Each statement about fatty acids is correct EXCEPT
one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Three fatty acids join to glycerol to form a
triglyceride.
B. Omega-6 fatty acids have the first C=C double
bond on the sixth carbon from the omega end.
C. Trans fatty acids have rotated hydrogen atoms on
opposite sides of the bond.
D. Eicosapentaenoic acid has 20 carbon atoms and 5
double bonds.
E. Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double
bonds.
ANS: E
The correct choice is E. Saturated fatty acids contain
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms because they
do not contain double bonds. Monounsaturated fatty
acids contain one double bond, and polyunsaturated
acids contain two or more double bonds. Choices A, B,
C, and D are all correct.
- Which are essential amino acids (EAAs)? (Select all
that apply.)
A. Tryptophan
B. Proline
C. Glutamic acid
D. Phenylalanine
E. Histidine
ANS: A, D, E
Tryptophan (A), phenylalanine (D), and histidine (E)
are all essential amino acids; that is, they are required
in the diet to support growth, maintenance, and repair.
A food with all nine essential amino acids is considered
a complete protein. Proline (B) and glutamic acid (C)
are nonessential amino acids (NEAAs).
- For each of the numbered vitamins, select the most
closely associated deficiency or excess.
____ 1. Vitamin A
____ 2. Vitamin D
____3. Thiamin
____ 4. Niacin
____ 5. Folic acid
____ 6. Vitamin B12
____ 7. Vitamin C
_______
A. Deficiency results in
beriberi.
B. Deficiency during pregnancy results in neural
tube defects.
C. Deficiency results in
weakened collagen, excessive bleeding, and poor
wound healing.
D. Excess may cause
increased activity of
osteoclasts.
E. Deficiency results in rickets.
F. Deficiency results in
pellagra.
G. Deficiency results in pernicious anemia.
ANS: 1D; 2E; 3A; 4F; 5B; 6G; 7C
Vitamin A (1) toxicity has an impact on bone
health, stimulating osteoclast function (D) and
resulting in bone resorption. Vitamin D (2) deficiency affects bone formation in children and
adults. Rickets is characterized by weak bones and
skeletal deformities (E). Thiamin (3) deficiency,
or beriberi, causes damage to the nervous and
cardiovascular systems (A). Niacin (4) deficiency
results in the signs and symptoms of pellagra (F),
which include dermatitis, diarrhea, depression, and
dementia. Adequate folic acid (5) is imperative in
the periconception period, as neural tube formation
occurs in the first month of pregnancy (B). Vitamin
B12 (6) deficiency may result in pernicious anemia
(G). Vitamin C (7) deficiency may result in
weakened collagen, excessive bleeding, and poor
wound healing (C) because adequate vitamin C is
needed for collagen formation
- Protein energy malnutrition is known as
A. marasmus.
B. atherosclerosis.
C. Crohn disease.
D. scurvy.
E. Cushing syndrome
ANS: A
Marasmus (A) occurs when protein and kilocalories
are deficient in the diet. Atherosclerosis (B) is a
cardiovascular disease caused by high intake of
saturated fat and cholesterol. Crohn disease (C) is an
inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the
gastrointestinal tract. Scurvy (D) is associated with
a vitamin C deficiency. Cushing syndrome (E) is
associated with prolonged exposure to, or the secretion
of, excessive cortisol.
- Intrinsic factor in the stomach is needed for the
absorption of
A. vitamin A.
B. thiamin.
C. vitamin B12.
D. vitamin C.
E. calcium
ANS: C
Of the nutrients listed, only vitamin B12 (C) needs
to be bound with intrinsic factor (glycoprotein) to
be absorbed in the ileum. Vitamins A (A) and C (D),
thiamin (B), and calcium (E) are not required for
intrinsic factor in the stomach.
- Chronic iron deficiency anemia is known as
A. megaloblastic anemia.
B. pica.
C. hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
D. Sjögren syndrome.
E. Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
ANS: E
Iron supplementation is one of the treatment modalities
for patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome (E).
Individuals with this syndrome experience fatigue
and difficulty swallowing. Megaloblastic anemia (A)
is a result of a deficiency in folic acid. Pica (B) is an
abnormal consumption of specific foods or nonfoods.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (C) is a potentially
life-threatening state of diabetes, in which the blood
glucose level is above 600 milligrams per deciliter
(mg/dL). Sjögren syndrome (D) is a chronic
autoimmune disease, with xerostomia as one of the
symptoms.
- Which fatty acid has the first double bond at the third
carbon atom from the omega end?
A. Trans
B. Stearic acid
C. Alpha-linolenic acid
D. Triglyceride
E. Cholesterol
ANS: C
Alpha-linolenic acid (C) is an omega-3 fatty acid
with 18 carbons and 2 double bonds, with the first
double bound at the third carbon atom from the
omega end. Trans fatty acids (A) have the hydrogen
atoms on the opposite sides of the bond. Stearic acid
(B) is a saturated fatty acid with only single bonds.
Triglycerides (D) are three fatty acids joined to a
glycerol. Cholesterol (E) is a complex ring structure.
- Which snack creates the most cariogenic environment
in the oral cavity?
A. Almonds
B. Raisins
C. Cheddar cheese
D. Grapefruit
E. Fried eggs
ANS: B
Raisins (B) are a retentive carbohydrate and have
the potential to drop the salivary pH to a cariogenic
level. Almonds (A) contain fat and are considered
cariostatic. Cheddar cheese (C) is cariostatic because
it contains protein, fat, phosphorus, calcium, and
casein. Grapefruit (D) is cariostatic because it contains
citric acid, which may stimulate saliva flow. Fried
eggs (E) are cariostatic because they contain protein
and fat.
- How many minutes of acid exposure in the oral cavity
will one peppermint candy disk provide?
A. 0
B. 4
C. 20
D. 40
E. 60
ANS: D
Because a peppermint candy disk dissolves slowly, it
may drop the salivary pH for 40 minutes (D). Sugarfree candy exposes the oral environment to 0 minutes
(A) of acid exposure. It takes from 2 to 4 minutes
(B) for the oral pH to drop into a critical zone for
demineralization. Cariogenic beverages will drop the
salivary pH for 20 minutes (C). The period of acid
exposure is less than 60 minutes (E).
- Chewing gum used to reduce the risk of dental caries
should contain which of the following cariostatic sugar
alcohols?
A. Erythritol
B. Lactitol
C. Mannitol
D. Sorbitol
E. Xylitol
ANS: E
Plaque bacteria cannot metabolize xylitol (E), making
it cariostatic in sufficient amounts. Erythritol (A),
lactitol (B), mannitol (C), and sorbitol (D) are all
sugar alcohols, which do not have as much cariogenic
effect as sucrose but less cariostatic benefit than
xylitol.
- Protein, casein, phosphorus, and calcium have
anticariogenic properties. Milk is always a
good beverage to recommend for patients with
a high caries risk because of its anticariogenic
properties.
A. Both statements are true.
B. Both statements are false.
C. The first statement is true, and the second statement
is false.
D. The first statement is false, and the second
statement is true.
ANS: C
The first statement is true, and the second statement
is false (C). Protein, casein, phosphorus, and calcium
have anticariogenic properties. Milk contains each of
these anticariogenic properties; however, it contains
lactose as well. Although lactose is the least cariogenic
carbohydrate, there is still a potential to be cariogenic
in excessive amounts and situations such as frequent
or prolonged exposure. Early childhood caries (ECC)
illustrates the fact that milk be cariogenic. Choices A,
B, and D do not correctly reflect the statements.
- Each is a source of cholesterol EXCEPT one. Which
one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Skim milk
B. Low-fat fruit yogurt
C. Lean hamburger
D. Butter
E. Margarine
ANS: E
Margarine (E) comes from vegetable oils, and
cholesterol only comes from animal sources. Skim
milk (A), low-fat fruit yogurt (B), lean hamburger (C),
and butter (D) all come from animal sources and thus
are sources of cholesterol.
- Which foods constitute a complete protein? (Select all
that apply.)
A. Beans and rice
B. Whole-wheat bagel
C. Eggs
D. Peanut butter
E. Macaroni and cheese
ANS: A, C, E
A complete protein contains all nine of the essential
amino acids (EEAs). Beans and rice (A) are a
complementary combination of vegetable proteins. Eggs
(C) are an animal protein. Macaroni and cheese (E) is
a combination of complete and incomplete proteins.
A whole-wheat bagel (B), and peanut butter (D) are
incomplete proteins, lacking in one or more EEAs.
- The basic unit of a protein is a glycerol. The
distinguishing feature of a protein, compared with a
carbohydrate or a fat, is the source of oxygen.
A. Both statements are true.
B. Both statements are false.
C. The first statement is true, and the second statement
is false.
D. The first statement is false, and the second
statement is true.
ANS: B
Both statements are false (B). The basic unit of a
protein is an amino acid, not a glycerol. Carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins all contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. The distinguishing feature of a protein,
compared with a carbohydrate or a fat, is the source
of nitrogen, not oxygen. Choices A, C, and D do not
correctly reflect the statements
- Which food exemplifies a vegan (strict vegetarian)
diet? (Select all that apply.)
A. Maple syrup
B. Corn oil
C. Cream cheese
D. Soy milk
E. Grilled cheese sandwich
ANS: A, B, D
The vegan only consumes foods from plant sources. He
or she does not consume foods of animal origin. Maple
syrup (A), corn oil (B), and soy milk (D) are all from plant
sources. Cream cheese (C) and a grilled cheese sandwich
(E) contain cheese, which is produced from animal sources.
- Each factor inhibits the absorption of calcium
EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Excessive caffeine intake
B. Pregnancy
C. Smoking
D. Excessive alcohol intake
E. Use of antacids
ANS: B
Pregnancy (B) does not change calcium absorption.
Excessive caffeine intake (A), smoking (C), excessive
alcohol intake (D), and the use of antacids (E) all are
factors that have been shown to inhibit the absorption
of calcium.
- The animal form of vitamin A is
A. tocopherol.
B. carotene.
C. retinol.
D. calciferol.
E. renin.
ANS: C
Retinol (C) is the animal form of vitamin A. Carotene
(B), or beta carotene, is a vegetable form of vitamin A.
Tocopherol (A) is the generic term for vitamin E and
the chemically related compounds that have similar
biologic activity. Calciferol (D) is a form of synthetic
vitamin D and is used for prophylaxis and treatment
of vitamin D deficiencies. Renin (E) is an enzyme
associated with blood pressure regulation, not with
vitamin A.
- Each vitamin can be synthesized by the body EXCEPT
one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. B6
B. B12
C. C
D. D
E. K
ANS: C
Of the vitamins listed, vitamin C (C) is not synthesized
in the body. Microorganisms in the body can
synthesize both vitamin B6
(A) and vitamin B12 (B).
Vitamin D (D) is obtained from the conversion of
sunlight to vitamin D in the body. Vitamin K (E) can
be derived from bacteria in the colon.
- Ham and roast beef are excellent sources of
A. calcium.
B. folate.
C. vitamin B12.
D. vitamin C.
E. vitamin K.
ANS: C
The best sources of vitamin B12 (C) are of animal
origin. Ham and roast beef provide limited, if any,
amounts of calcium (A), folate (B), vitamin C (D), and
vitamin K (E).
- Which vitamin aids the body in converting tryptophan
to niacin?
A. Folic acid
B. Pantothenic acid
C. Vitamin B6
D. Vitamin B12
E. Vitamin E
ANS: C
Vitamin B6
(C) helps the body convert tryptophan to
niacin in the body. Folic acid (A), pantothenic acid (B),
vitamin B12 (D), and vitamin E (E) do not aid in the
synthesis of niacin in the body.
- Which vitamin is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
A. D
B. E
C. K
D. A
E. C
ANS: E
Vitamin C (E) is a water-soluble vitamin. Vitamins D
(A), E (B), K (C), and A (D) are all fat-soluble vitamins.
- Which phrase BEST describes the process of anabolism?
A. Splitting complex substances into simpler substances
B. Depositing inorganic elements onto an organic
matrix
C. Dividing insoluble molecules (fats) into smaller
particles
D. Using absorbed nutrients to build or synthesize
more complex compounds
E. Hydrolyzing triglycerides for use in the Krebs
cycle
ANS: D
Anabolism is best described as the synthesis of
absorbed nutrients into more complex compounds
(D). Splitting complex substances into simpler
substances is characteristic of catabolism (A). The
deposition of inorganic elements onto an organic
matrix is characteristic of mineralization (B). The
division of insoluble molecules into smaller particles,
is characteristic of emulsification (C). The process of
hydrolyzing triglycerides for use in the Krebs cycle is
characteristic of oxidation (E).
