Motor Control

Question 1

what is a tendon ?

Answer 1

muscle to bone

Question 2

what is a ligament ?

Answer 2

bone to bone

Question 3

where are lower motor neurons located ?

Answer 3

ventral spinal cord

Question 4

what is a motor unit ?

Answer 4

composed of the motor neurone and all the muscle fibres that it innervates

Question 5

what is the organization of muscles from largest to smallest ?

Answer 5

muscle, fascicle, myofibril, and myofilaments

Question 6

what is a motor neurone pool ?

Answer 6

all the motor neurons that deal with the same muscle

Question 7

what are the two motor neuron responses ?

Answer 7

phasic and tonic

Question 8

what does phasic mean ?

Answer 8

quick bursts

Question 9

what does tonic meanx ?

Answer 9

sustained responses

Question 10

what are the two muscle spindles ?

Answer 10

extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers ?

Question 11

what do extrafusal muscle fibres innervate ?

Answer 11

alpha motor neurons

Question 12

what do intrafusal muscle fibres innervate ?

Answer 12

gamma motor neurons

Question 13

what are extrafusal fibres used for ?

Answer 13

contractions

Question 14

what are intrafusal fibres used for ?

Answer 14

messengers of contractions (tells body about change in length of muscles)

Question 15

intrafusal fibres tonically activate _______ ?

Answer 15

1a afferent sensory neurons

Question 16

what do golgi tendon organs do ?

Answer 16

tells us how much tension is in the muscle

Question 17

golgi tendon organ receptor are attached to _____ ?

Answer 17

1b afferent sensory neurons

Question 18

what is alpha-gamma coactivation ?

Answer 18

when both extra- and intrafusal fibres contract and work together

Question 19

what is the difference between white and gray matter ?

Answer 19

white matter is myelinated and gray is not

Question 20

what is the corticospinal tract ?

Answer 20

the primary pathway that leaves the motor cortex to innervate motor neurons in the spinal cord

Question 21

what is BMI (brain machine interfaces) ?

Answer 21

used to help people generate movement

Question 22

where is the cerebellum located ?

Answer 22

mini brain in the back of brain

Question 23

what is the function of the cerebellum ?

Answer 23

maintenance of balance and posture and helps coordinate and regulate multiple functions in your body and brain

Question 24

what is a cerebellar lesion ?

Answer 24

decomposition of movement and dysmetria

Question 25

what is cerebellar disease ?

Answer 25

can't balance themselves

Question 26

what are symptoms of cerebellar disease ?

Answer 26

- wide gait - instability of trunk - irregular staggering steps

Question 27

what are the two types of input neurons ?

Answer 27

mossy fibers and climbing fibers

Question 28

what are mossy fibers ?

Answer 28

- synapse on granule cells (shorter) then on purkinje cells

Question 29

what are climbing fibers ?

Answer 29

synapse directly on purkinje fibres (longer)

Question 30

what is the basal ganglia ?

Answer 30

involved in regulating and planning movements

Question 31

the basal ganglia receives inputs from the ______ and projects back to the cortex through the hypothalamus ______

Answer 31

cortex and thalamus

Question 32

what are the four major interconnected nuclei found in the basal ganglia ?

Answer 32

- striatum - globus pallidus - substantia nigra - sub thalamic nucleus

Question 33

what are the two parts of the striatum ?

Answer 33

caudate and putamen

Question 34

what are the two parts of the substantial nigra ?

Answer 34

pars compacta and pars reticulata

Question 35

what is the order of activity in the basal ganglia ?

Answer 35

motor cortex -> caudate & putamen -> substantia nigra pars reticulata and globus pallidus internal ... substantia nigra pars reticulata -> superior colliculus and globus pallidus internal -> thalamus

Question 36

what receptors go to substantial nigra pc ?

Answer 36

dopamine 1 and dopamine 2 receptor

Question 37

what is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia ?

Answer 37

putamen -> G. pallidus external -> subthalamic nucleus

Question 38

what is the direct pathway of the basal ganglia ?

Answer 38

putamen -> G. pallidus internal

Question 39

what is parkinson's disease ?

Answer 39

is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease

Question 40

what is happening in the brain if you have parkinson's ?

Answer 40

loss of neurons in the substantia nigra

Question 41

what causes parkinson's ?

Answer 41

caused by a loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 42

what are symptoms of Parkinson's disease ?

Answer 42

- tremor at rest - slowness of movement - hunched over - minimal facial expression

Question 43

motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease ?

Answer 43

- rigid gait - stooped foward - slow movement initiation - slow shuffling steps - hypokinesia

Question 44

how to treat Parkinson's disease ?

Answer 44

L-Dopa (converts to dopamine in the body)

Question 45

what is a blood-brain-barrier ?

Answer 45

very selective layer around brain that protects the brain from infections

Question 46

what is the difference between L-Dopa and dopamine ?

Answer 46

dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier but L-Dopa can