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Physiology 1021 > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 7 functions of the kidney ?

A
  • regulation of ECF & blood pressure
  • regulation of osmolarity
  • maintenance of ion balance
  • maintenance of body pH
  • excretions of waste
  • production of hormones
  • gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney ?

A

the nephron

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3
Q

what two structures is the nephron composed of ?

A

renal corpuscle and tubule

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4
Q

what is the renal corpuscle ?

A

where filtration of blood occurs

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5
Q

what is the tubule ?

A

where the filtered fluid is processed

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6
Q

what are the 6 parts of the nephron ?

A

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, descending limb of loop of hence, ascending limb of the loop of hence, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

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7
Q

what are the two types of nephrons ?

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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8
Q

difference between cortex and medulla ?

A

jux. is closer to medulla (longer) while cortical is near cortex (shorter)

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9
Q

what is the bowman’s capsule ?

A

where fluid filters into

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10
Q

what does the glomerulus contain ?

A

leaky capillary beds

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11
Q

what do podocytes do ?

A

wrap around the leaky glomerulus and prevents some filtration

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12
Q

what are the three barriers to filtration ?

A

podocytes, basal lamina and slit spaces

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13
Q

what is GFR ?

A

the amount of fluid filtered in a day

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14
Q

what are the two auto regulatory mechanisms that function to keep GFR mostly constant throughout the day

A

myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback

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15
Q

what happens during the myogenic response ?

A
  • afferent arteriole stretches
  • increase in blood pressure
  • ion channels open
  • blood flow decreases in the glomerulus (smaller diameter & less blood in glomerulus)
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16
Q

what happens during tubuloglomerular feedback ?

A
  • GFR increases
  • flow through tubule increases
  • afferent arteriole constricts
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17
Q

what happens when the afferent arteriole constricts ?

A

GFR decreases

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18
Q

what happens when the efferent arteriole constricts ?

A

GFR decreases

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19
Q

how to measure GFR ?

A

(substance X)urine x urine volume / (substance X)plasma

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20
Q

how does filtration process occur in the nephron ?

A

from the blood in the glomerulus into bowman’s space

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21
Q

how does reabsorption process occur in the nephron ?

A

from the filtrate in the tubule to the surrounding capillaries

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22
Q

how does secretion process occur in the nephron ?

A

from the surrounding capillaries into the filtrate in the tubule

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23
Q

what is hydrostatics pressures of glomerular capillaries (P GC) ?

A

pressure caused by blood flowing into the glomerulus and promotes filtration

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24
Q

what is colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries (π GC) ?

A

pressure caused by the presence of proteins in the glomerulus and inhibits filtration

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25
what is hydrostatic pressure of bowman's capsule (P BC) ?
pressure caused by filtrate remaining in bowman's space and inhibits filtration
26
what is colloid osmotic pressure of bowman's capsule (π BC) ?
pressure caused by the presence of proteins in bowman's capsule and promotes filtration
27
how do you calculate net filtration pressure ?
(P GC + π BC) - (P BC + π GC)
28
what are two types of channels within kidneys ?
sodium channels and aquaporins
29
what are three types of kidney transporters ?
glucose uniporter, sodium/hydrogen antiporter and sodium/glucose symporter
30
what is the primary active transporter of kidneys ?
sodium/potassium ATPase
31
what is the overall theme of the proximal tubule ?
reabsorbs almost everything
32
what is diabetes mellitus ?
glucose in the urine and increased urine volume
33
what does the descending loop of henle do ?
reabsorbs water
34
what does the ascending loop of henle do ?
absorbs ions (Na, K, Cl)
35
what does the distal convoluted tubule do ?
absorbs different things into our bloodstream (Na, Cl, HCO, H2O)
36
what does the collecting duct do ?
any additional wastes after the distal convoluted tubule gets absorbed (reabsorbs ions and water if necessary)
37
where does filtration occur ?
the corpuscle
38
what is another name for anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
vasopressin
39
what does ADH do ?
decreases urine production
40
where is ADH made ?
hypothalmus
41
what is the hormone property of ADH ?
peptide hormone
42
what are osmoreceptors ?
detect changes to plasma osmolarity
43
what is hyperosmotic ?
increased plasma osmolarity
44
what is hypoosmotic ?
decreased plasma osmolarity
45
what are baroreceptors ?
sensors located in the blood vessels, type of mechanoreceptor (part of negative feedback system)
46
what is "dieresis" ?
make more urine (dehydrating themselves to a degree, removing water from body therefore dehydrating)
47
what is antidiuresis ?
less water, want to conserve it
48
where is ADH released by ?
posterior pituitary gland
49
what do the kidneys do when there is additional salt in the body ?
kidneys excrete the additional salt through the urine
50
what are sodium levels linked to ?
ECF volume and therefore blood pressure
51
what two hormones are responsible for sodium conotrol ?
RAAS (renin-angiotensin-adosterone system) and ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
52
what hormone is released when sodium levels are too high ?
ANP
53
what is ACE ?
angiotensin converting enzyme
54
what is angiotensin 2 ?
peptide hormone stimulated by renin release ; increases sodium reabsorption
55
what is aldosterone ?
steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands stimulated by angiotensin 2, levels of potassium ; increase sodium reabsorption
56
when is renin released ?
when sodium levels are low
57
what is ANP ?
peptide hormone made by cardiac atrial cells stimulated by high blood pressure ; decrease sodium reabsorption
58
what is hypertension ?
too much water = swelling
59
what is hypotension ?
not enough water = shriveling
60
which areas of the nephron absorb water when we have low water in our blood ?
descending loop of henle and collecting duct
61
which areas of the nephron absorb ions when we have low concentration of ions ?
ascending loop, proximal tubule and distal convoluted tubule
62
what are podocytes ?
make up the epithelial layer in Bowmans capsule
63
filtration happens through which cells ?
podocytes
64
which cells make and release the enzyme renin ?
juxtaglomerular (granular) cells
65
what activates RAAS ?
low blood pressure (hypotension)
66
once renin is released into the blood where does it head to ?
the bloodstream
67
if the kidneys do not have enough BP what is released ?
renin
68
angiotensinogen comes from ____
the liver
69
angiotensinogen acts in renin and turns it in ______
angiotensin 1
70
where is ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) released from ?
the lungs
71
ACE turns angiotensin 1 into ________
angiotensin 2
72
angiotensin 2 works with the adrenal glands to create ________-
aldosterone

Physiology 1021 (10 decks)

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