Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
what cells go through mitosis ?
A
somatic cells
2
Q
what cells go through meioisis ?
A
sex cells (two rounds)
3
Q
what is the average age for a first child ?
A
31
4
Q
what is the average length of a women’s menstrual cycle ?
A
28 days
5
Q
what is the end goal after meiosis ?
A
4 haploid
6
Q
what is the end goal after mitosis ?
A
2 daughter cells
7
Q
what are gametes ?
A
an organisms reproductive organs
8
Q
what is the male gamete ?
A
spermatozoa
9
Q
what is the female gamete ?
A
oocytes
10
Q
what is the common gonads ?
A
hasn’t developed yet.. will eventually become testes or ovaries
11
Q
is woffian duct in men or women ?
A
men
12
Q
is mullerian duct in men or women ?
A
women
13
Q
when becoming either male or female what happens with the mullein/woffian duct ?
A
lose one of them
14
Q
what does the mullerian duct become ?
A
ovaries
15
Q
what does the woffian duct become ?
A
testes
16
Q
what does SRY stand for ?
A
sex determining region
17
Q
at 6 weeks (during male fetus) what turns on ?
A
SRY Y turns on
18
Q
why do testes produce MIH ? (what is MIH ?)
A
MIH is mullerian inhibiting hormone and they inhibit that (since for women) and now produce testosterone
19
Q
what does MIH do ?
A
causes the reduction of the female reproductive structures
20
Q
what does testosterone do ?
A
causes the maturation of the male reproductive structures
21
Q
between 7-9 week male embryo where are the testes found ?
A
currently testes are found on the inside
22
Q
what do the testes do when cold (temperature) ?
A
come closer to the body
23
Q
what do the testes do when hot (temperature) ?
A
allows them to drop
24
Q
what are the three parts of the testes ?
A
- vas deferens
- epididymus
- seminiferous tubules
25
what is the function of the vas deferens ?
important for sperm & fluid release
26
what is the function of the epididymus ?
sperm storage and maturation
27
in which part of the testes do we find a lot of fructose ?
epididymus
28
what is the function of the seminiferous tubules ?
sperm, fluid production
29
which part of the testes is the initiation of sperm production ?
seminiferous tubules
30
what are the three types of cells found within the seminiferous tubules ?
- spermatocytes
- sertoli cells
- leydig cells
31
what are the original sperm before maturation ?
spermatocytes
32
what are spermatocytes ?
- adult stem cell
- developing sperm cells
33
what are sertoli cells ?
- support & regulate spermatogenesis
- blood testes barrier
- produce inhibin
34
what is an acronym for sertoli cells ?
SSS
35
what does SSS stand for ?
S = FSH
S = sertoli
S = spermatogenisis
36
what are considered the "nurse cells" ?
Sertoli cells
37
what are leydig cells ?
- produce testosterone
- stimulated by LH
38
where are leydig cells located ?
located in the space between seminiferous tubules
39
what is the order of spermatogenesis ?
spermatogonia -->
1 spermatocytes -->
2 spermatocytes -->
spermatids -->
spermatozoa
40
how many steps are there in spermatogenisis ?
5
41
what is the name of the "adult stem cell" ?
spermatogonia
42
in spermatogenisis, when does 2n become 4n ?
after meiosis 2
43
what is spermatogenesis ?
development into a mature sperm
44
what is found anatomically in the head of a mature sperm ?
nucleus and acrosome
45
what is an acrosome ?
little lining within the head o the sperm that helps with forcing sperm into egg
46
what is anatomically found within the tail of the sperm ?
- neck
- middle piece
- principal piece
- end piece
47
what does the mitochondrial sheath do within the tail of the mature spem ?
provides ATP
48
which part of the mature sperm carries the mitochondria ?
middle piece
49
men create 4 haploids while women produce ...
1 haploid and 3 polar bodies
50
what does the principal piece and end piece do ?
motility if needed
51
what happens to the body mature sperm tail once the head enters ?
it dissolves in rest of body
52
what are abnormal gametes ?
different sizes, giants/dwarfs
53
how much % of gametes are abnormal ?
10%
54
do abnormal gametes fertilize ?
unlikely to fertilize due to motility issues
55
how much sperm is released per minute ?
1000 sperm per minute
56
what is the origin of testosterone ?
cholesterol
57
what does cholesterol form ....
progesterone
58
once progesterone is formed from cholesterol what does it can it turn into ?
testosterone
59
what two things can testosterone turn into ?
DHT and estradiol
60
what happens if you lose DHT ?
men look more female
61
what does testosterone use to become DHT ?
5-alpha reductase
62
what does testosterone use to become estradiol ?
aromatase
63
what is DHT ?
steroid hormone, promotes prostate growth , etc.
64
what type of hormone is testosterone ?
androgen steroid
65
where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone found ?
hypothalmus
66
what does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do ?
causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
67
where is gonadotropins found ?
in the pituitary gland
68
what does the anterior pituitary gland release ?
LH and FSH
69
which cells produce testosteron ?
leydig cells
70
what type of feedback is the hormonal release of testosterone ?
negative feedback loop
71
why can men grow more muscle than women ?
testosterone levels
72
what are the 12 parts of the male anatomy ?
- seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, vas deferens, epididymis, testis, scrotum, penis, urethra, bladder and ureter
73
what does the sperm travel up of ?
the vas deferens
74
where is the inflammation of a STD usually located ?
epididymis
75
where does the ejaculatory duct sit within ?
the prostate
76
what does the bulbourethral gland do ?
connects urethra for ejaculation
77
what are the three reproductive organs of the male ?
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands
78
what is the function of the seminal vesicles ?
bulk of fluid and fructsose rich nourishes the sperm
79
what is the function of the prostate ?
alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment of the vagina
80
what is the function of the bulbourethral glands ?
alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic environment of the ureter
81
what neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina ?
prostate
82
what neutralizes the acidic environment of the ureter ?
the bulbourethral glands
83
what is the difference between sperm and semen ?
sperm = individual
semen = sperm + fluid
84
between sperm and semen, which gives energy and nutrition ?
semen
85
what is andropause ?
the male equivalent to women's menopause
86
what are some symptoms of andropause ?
- fatigue
- reduced fertility but not lost
- reduced muscle mass
87
why do we experience high levels of testosterone right after birth ?
protection against infection and disease
88
where do we see peaks in male testosterone levels ?
- between fertilization and birth when we produce male gmetes
- right after birth ( infection and disease)
- puberty / becoming an adult
89
what is BPH ?
benign prostatic hyperplasia
90
what does is mean to have BPH ?
a condition in men in which the prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous
91
can BPH go away ?
no but we can use medicaltion to try and treat
92
what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men ?
prostate
93
what tissues are in the testes ?
Sertoli cells, leydig cells and spermatogonia
94
when does meiosis occur ?
during spermatogenesis
95
when does maturation of sperm structure occur ?
during spermiogenesis
96
what can we compare the hormonal release of testosterone with ?
AC (once house gets too cold; AC turns off)
97
is testosterone hydrophobic or hydrophilic ?
hydrophobic
98
what is GnRH ?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
99
what is oogenesis ?
the process of the formation of a mature ovum from the oogonia in females
100
what is oogonia ?
diploid stem cells of ovaries
101
what is happening during the fetal period of oogenesis ?
begin meiosis 1 and stops at prophase
102
when does meiosis 2 continue for women ?
once the egg is fertilized
103
what is happening with oogenesis during childhood ?
remains inactive in cortex of immature ovary until puberty
104
what happens with oogenesis during puberty ?
- small number activated each month
- only one continues through meiosis
105
when does ovulation begin ?
day 14
106
when an egg is released where does it travel ?
picked up through the fallopian tubes
107
when does an oogonia become an ovum ?
once ovulated
108
when can oogenesis continue to meiosis 2 ?
if fertilized by the sperm
109
what is an ovum called once fertilize ?
zygote
110
when does meiosis 1 begin ?
during fetal development
111
when do primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 ?
after puberty
112
what happens once primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 ?
this produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body
113
when does a secondary oocyte begin meiosis 2 ?
once puberty begins
114
when does meiosis 2 resume ?
after fertilization
115
what two things uniting form a diploid (2n) zygote ?
the nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum
116
why does a fertilized zygote have a pronuclei ?
one paternal and one maternal
117
what is the zona pellucida ?
egg shell around the oocyte
118
name a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis ?
both end up with a gamete with half the amount of chromosomes
119
why do gametes have 23 rather than 46 chromosomes ?
in order to eventually meet with their other "half"
120
after meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis what is the result ?
4 spermatids
121
what is the viability of oocytes ?
usually fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation
122
when can oocytes no longer be fertilized ?
after 24 hours
123
what is the viability of spermatozoa ?
viable for approximately 48 hours in female reproductive trunk `
124
what are the two main organs of the female reproductive system ?
ovary and uterus
125
what is an ovary made of ?
oogenesis + hormones
126
what is the uterus ?
site of implantation
127
what does it mean to have an ectopic pregancy ?
baby is fertilized outside the uterus
128
what does the corpus luteum secrete ?
estrogen and progesterone
129
what is folliculogenesis ?
process by which a follicle forms, develops eventually to release the mature oocyte
130
what are the two cell types in a male that help sperm develop and are part of the testes ?
sertoli and leydig cells
131
what are the two cell types in a female that help the oocyte develop and make up the follicle that surrounds the oocyte ?
theca and granulosa cells
132
what are the two support cells of the female follicle ?
theca and granulosa
133
where are the theca and granulosa cells found ?
surrounding the egg
134
what is the order of the maturation of the follicle ?
- primordial follicle
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- Graafian follicle
135
what is found at the primordial follicle ?
primary oocyte and granulosa cells
136
what is found at the primary follicle ?
- 1 oocyte
- zona pellucida
- granulosa cells
137
what do the granulosa cells do within the maturation of the follicle ?
supports nucleus
138
what is found at the secondary follicle ?
- 1 oocyte
- zona pellucida
- granulosa cells
- theca cells
139
between theca and granulosa cells which are on the outer layer ?
theca
140
what is found in the graadian follicle ?
- 1 oocyte
- 2 oocyte
- zona pellucida
-granulosa cells
- theca cells
141
what is the antrum within the follicle ?
fluid filled sac (allows egg to get bigger)
142
what happens if two Graafian follicles are released ?
twins
143
what is follicle ?
support cells and oocyte
144
define the primordial follicle :
- dormant stage, has not started to mature yet
- will react to FSH and start to mature at puberty
145
define the primary follicle :
FSH has stimulated the follicle to begin developing one new cell type
146
define the secondary follicle :
the follicle develops second new cell type
147
define the graffiaan follicle :
the follicle develops an atrum
148
define ovulation :
the ovum is ejected out of the ovary and is picked up by the uterine tubes
149
define the corpus luteum :
the remaining cells from the corpus luteum and make progesterone
150
what stage of the menstrual cycle are we least fertile ?
menstruation
151
what state is has the best chance of conception ?
ovulation
152
what stage of the menstrual cycle is considered "the fertile window" ?
ovulation
153
what is the luteal phase ?
thinking if the uterine lining after ovulation
154
what is the follicular phase ?
menstruation till end of ovulation
155
what is the fallopian tube ?
passage for sperm and oocyte
156
what is the cervix ?
entrance to the uterus
157
what is the vagina ?
site of sperm deposition, removal of menstrual fluid
158
how is the LH and FSH levels during early-mid follicular stage of ovulation ?
pretty stable level
159
what happens do LH and FSH levels during late follicular stage of ovulation ?
very high LH and slight increase in FSH
160
what happens to LH and FSH levels during luteal phase of ovulation ?
pretty stable
161
how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during early-mid follicular stage of ovulation ?
low and stable until approaching late follicular stage
162
how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during late -follicular ovulation ?
very high
163
how are estrogen, inhibin and progesterone levels during luteal phase of ovulation ?
decrease until they hit another peak high and return back down
164
in regards to regulating reproductive function; when do we have a negative feedback loop ?
low GnRH, LH and FSH
165
in regards to regulating reproductive function; when do we have a positive feedback loop ?
high GnRH, LH, FSH
166
what is the peak phase in all of your hormones ?
late follicular phase
167
what does it mean when women have really bad cramps ?
very high estrogen and progesterone levels
168
does a corpus luteum always completely mature in the luteal phase ?
no! only if fertilized
169
what are the six parts of female reproductive anatomy ?
Fallopian tube, ovaries, cervix, vagina, urethra, bladder, and uterus
170
what events happen in the uterus ?
menstrual cycle
171
what events happen in the ovary ?
produce and store your egg and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy
172
within the menstrual cycle, where is there a decrease in cervical mucous ?
ovulation period
173
what does it mean if theres a decrease in cervical muscous ?
prevent sperm from getting through
174
to get pregnant is it better to have an increased or decreased amount of cervical mucous ?
increased
175
what is the ovarian phase ?
all the phases for fertilization (early-mid follicular, late follicular and luteal)
176
what are the three phases of the ovarian phases;
- early-mid follicular
- late follicular
- luteal
177
what is the uterine phase ?
governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining
178
what are the three phases within the uterine phase ?
- menses
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
179
what is menses ?
when uterus is sheading (period)
180
what is the proliferative phase ?
rebuilding of the uterus walls
181
what is the secretory phase ?
day 14 - 28 (after ovulation till menstruation occurs again)
182
what are progesterone and estrogen secreted by ?
the corpus luteum
183
where does the corpus luteum develop from ?
Graafian follicle
184
during uterine events; when is there a body temperature drop ?
day 14
185
during uterine events; when is body temperature the highest ?
during the secretory phase
186
what are the effects of female sex hormones on the body ?
- development of breasts.
- the growth of pubic and armpit hair
- growth spurt.
- increase in body fat, especially in the hips and thighs.
- the maturation of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
- the start of the menstrual cycle.
187
what are sex steroid hormone effects ?
- uterine changes (estrogen and progesterone)
- feedback (neg/pos)
- cardiovascular health
- bone density
- breast changes
188
what is an example of an oral contreceptive ?
birth control pills
189
what is the combined contraceptive ?
combined pill that has both estrogen and progesterone
190
what are the components of the combined contraeptive ?
- estrogen and progesterone neg feedback onto the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (suppresses GnRH, LH, FSH
- suppresses follicular development and ovulation
- affects the uterine tubes' ability to transport sperm
- affects the thicness to the cervical mucus, present sperm entry into the uterus
- affects endometrial receptivity
191
what is endometrial receptivity ?
the ability of the endometrium to successfully attach the blastocyst, to nourish it and keep it alive
192
whats is the endometrium ?
the layer of tissue that lines the uterus
193
what are the components of the mini-pill ?
- this suppresses GnRH, LH, FSH
- decreases follicular development and ovulation
- affects the uterine tube's ability to transport sperm
- affects the thickness to the cervical mucus, preventing sperm entry into the uterus
- affects endometrial receptivity
194
what is endometriosis ?
when the lining of your uterus grows outside of the uterus and attaches to other parts of your body
195
what are some symptoms of endometriosis ?
- fatigue
- chronic lower back pain
- pelvic pain
- digestive issues
- abdomen pain
- vaginal pain
- cramps
196
what are some complications of endometriosis ?
- infertility
- ovarian cysts
- inflammation
- ovarian cancer
- intestinal and bladder complications
197
what is menopause ?
when a women's period stops
198
what helps build up bone ?
estrogen
199
what does it mean if we have less estrogen ?
we lose the negative feedback effect
200
what happens when women are reaching menopause ?
FSH and LH levels rise drastically causing stage fluctuations in primary follicle recruitment and estrogen levels
201
during pre-menopause, what happens when the pituitary becomes exhausted ?
LH and FSH levels drop
202
when does menopause usually occur ?
between ages 45-55
203
what are symptoms of pre-menopause/menopause ?
- hot flashes
- loss of fertility
- changes in bone health
- metabolic changes
- vaginal dryness
204
what is the main mode of function to prevent ovulation ?
birth control
205
what does birth control do to cervical mucus ?
keep cervical mucus in a thick barrier state
206
levels of _______ keep cervical mucus in a thick barrier state (when using birth control)
progesterone
207
what does birth control do to estrogen levels ?
keep estrogen at levels that negatively feedback back to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
208
combination pills of estrogen and progesterone are taken for ______
21 days, followed by 7 placebo pills
209
what is an IUD ?
form of birth control (IintraUterine Device)
210
what does an IUD do ?
- releases low dose of progesterone
- affects uterine lining and affect cervical mucus
- does not affect ovulation
211
how long does an IUD usually last ?
about five years
212
around how much sperm is ejaculated per mL ?
15 million/mL - 200 million/mL
213
around how much sperm reaches the ovum ?
50-100
214
how much sperm enters the egg for fertilization ?
1
215
what does "monozygotic mean ?
(twins) derived from a single ovum, and so identical
216
what happens if you have 1 sperm, 1 egg and it splits in half ?
identical/monozygotic twins
217
what is cumulus cells ?
a group of closely associated granulosa cells that surround the oocyte and participate in the processes of oocyte maturation and fertilization
218
during fertilization what is the ovum surrounded by ?
cumulus cells and zona pellucida
219
what are the 5 steps to fertilization ?
1. get to cumulous cells and break through using hyaluronidase
2. reaches zona pellucida & binds to oocyte membrane
3. acrosome reaction triggered
4. fuse with plasma membrane
5. block polyspermy
220
what are the 5 steps to creating a zygote ?
1. head enters cytoplasm of ovum
2. meiosis 2 completed: polar body forms
3. two nuclei fuse (diploid)
4. zygote is created
5. rapid cell division (mitosis) begins
221
describe the pre-implantation development stages:
- zygote
- 4-cell stage
- morula
-blastocyte (day 5 post-fertilizer)
222
what is getting released from the Fallopian tubes ?
blastocyst
223
what two cells types are found within the blastocytes ?
trophoblast cells and inner cell mass
224
what happens during implantation of blastocyst ?
trophoblast cells digest endometrium (create lacunae)
225
what happens when the trophoblast cells digest endometrium ?
lacunae is created
226
what is lacunae in regards to placenta development ?
form to serve as a direct connection to the maternal blood
227
what is chorionic villi ?
tiny projections of placental tissue that look like fingers and contain the same genetic material as the fetus
228
what is the acronym to remember the connection of vessels to the baby's umbilical cord ?
AVA (two arteries and one vein)
229
what is the hormone that the embryo produces called ?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
230
what does hCG do ?
tells corpus leutium to be maintained
231
what hormone does a pregnancy test detect ?
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin
232
what happens to hCG levels in the case of down syndrome ?
hCG levels are higher
233
describe hormonal changes due to the placenta :
- estrogen elevates around 20 weeks
- progesterone elevates around 20 weeks
- hCG extremely elevates at 4 weeks and drops down at 20 weeks
234
where does fertilization occur ?
uterine tube
235
what events occur for fertilization to be succesfull ?
sperm must reach the ovum, cross the cumulous cells, have the acrosome reaction, and merge with the oolemma
236
what is the oolemma ?
the cell membrane of an oocyte
237
briefly explain uterine implantation and which cells form the placenta ?
trophoblast cells invade and embed into the uterus
238
explain the structure of the placenta:
the placenta is made up of both the uterine cells and the tropoblasts cells
239
why is the placenta important ?
where the mother and the fetus exchange gasses, oxygen and nutrients
240
what is the function of the placenta ?
it creates an area for gas and waste exchange
