Respiratory Physiology

Question 1

what does your respiratory system do ?

Answer 1

• oxygen into the blood
• removes carbon dioxide from blood
• regulates blood pH
• speech
• microbial defense
• chemical messenger concentrations
• traps and dissolves small blood clots

Question 2

what’s going in/out in the respiratory system ?

Answer 2

CO2 in and O2 out

Question 3

what is present in your thoracic cavity ?

Answer 3

trachea, left and right lung, rib cage & muscles and diaphragm

Question 4

what are the two zones of the lungs ?

Answer 4

conducting and respiratory

Question 5

what is the main job of the conducting zone ?

Answer 5

conduct and move air

Question 6

what is the main job of the respiratory zone ?

Answer 6

O2 and CO2 move in and out of the blood

Question 7

where does gas exchange occur in the lungs ?

Answer 7

in the alveoli

Question 8

what parts are within the conducting zone ?

Answer 8

trachea, primary bronchi and smaller bronchi

Question 9

what are mucus and cilia used for in the conducting zone ?

Answer 9

microbial defence

Question 10

what is found in the alveoli to perform gas exchange ?

Answer 10

capillaries

Question 11

what is phagocytosis ?

Answer 11

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells

Question 12

what is surfactant ?

Answer 12

chemicals that decease surface tension

Question 13

what is tidal volume ?

Answer 13

volume of one breath

Question 14

what is respiratory rate ?

Answer 14

number of breaths per minute

Question 15

what is pulmonary ventilation ?

Answer 15

tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 16

is pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation the same thing ?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

what does Boyle’s law state ?

Answer 17

“pressure is inversely proportional to volume”

Question 18

what is atmospheric pressure (in mmHg) ?

Answer 18

760mmHg

Question 19

what is intrapulmonary pressure (in mmHg)

Answer 19

760mmHg

Question 20

when you increase thoracic cavity what happens do the pressure ?

Answer 20

decreases

Question 21

what are the muscles of inhalation ?

Answer 21

external intercostals and the diaphragm

Question 22

where are external intercostal muscles ?

Answer 22

muscles found in between ribs

Question 23

what is the diaphragm ?

Answer 23

dome-shaped skeletal muscle

Question 24

where does the diaphragm move when a contraction occurs ?

Answer 24

moves down

Question 25

what does the diaphragm do when you breathe in ?

Answer 25

contracts and moves down

Question 26

what does the diaphragm do when you breathe out ?

Answer 26

relaxes and moves back up

Question 27

during active exhalation what happens to the abdominal muscles ?

Answer 27

contracts obliques and contracts rectus abdominis

Question 28

what is the pressure in the intrapleural space (in mmHg) ?

Answer 28

757 mmHg

Question 29

what happens in the case of the pneumothorax ?

Answer 29

air is somewhere it shouldnt be

Question 30

what does intrapleural pressure do ?

Answer 30

prevents lungs from collapsing

Question 31

within what population is pneumothorax common in ?

Answer 31

tall young slim men

Question 32

what is lung compliance ?

Answer 32

considered as the "stretchability" of the lung

Question 33

what factors affect compliance ?

Answer 33

elastic tissue and surface tension

Question 34

do we want more or less elastin in lungs ?

Answer 34

a normal balance (not too much or too little)

Question 35

what is elastin ?

Answer 35

is a protein that creates elastic tissue

Question 36

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS)

Answer 36

poor lung function, alveolar collapse, hypozemia (low blood oxygen)

Question 37

where does pulmonary surfactant line itself ?

Answer 37

overtop of that liquid (humidified hair)

Question 38

what does pulmonary surfactant do ?

Answer 38

reduces surface tension so prevents alveolar collapse and microbial defense

Question 39

in what population does nRDS mostly occur in ?

Answer 39

premature infants

Question 40

what is the treatment for nRDS ?

Answer 40

administer surfactant

Question 41

what is the name of a tool that measures how much air we breathe in ?

Answer 41

spirometer

Question 42

what is tidal volume ?

Answer 42

our normal breaths

Question 43

what is the term that defines the "biggest breath you could possibly take"

Answer 43

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 44

what is expiratory reserve volume ?

Answer 44

blow out as much air as you can

Question 45

what is residual volume ?

Answer 45

how much air remains in you lungs after complete exhalation

Question 46

can you measure residual volume ?

Answer 46

no you cannot

Question 47

what is total lung capacity ?

Answer 47

when you add all four volumes together (max amount of air you lungs will hold)

Question 48

FEV1 / FVC = ?

Answer 48

80%

Question 49

what is obstructive lung disease ?

Answer 49

exhalation problem (hard to move air out)

Question 50

what are two examples of obstructive lung disease ?

Answer 50

asthma and emphysema

Question 51

what is asthma ?

Answer 51

the airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times. This makes it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe

Question 52

what is emphysema ?

Answer 52

alveolar wall destruction

Question 53

in what obstructive lung disease are airways hyperresponsive ?

Answer 53

asthma

Question 54

what is a major cause of emphysema ?

Answer 54

smooking

Question 55

what happens in the case of emphysema ?

Answer 55

- destruction of alveolar walls - loss of elastin - reduces elastic recoil

Question 56

what does restrictive lung disease mean ?

Answer 56

hard to take air in

Question 57

what is an example of a restrictive lung disease ?

Answer 57

pulmonary fibrosis

Question 58

what are some causes for pulmonary fibrosis ?

Answer 58

- chronic inhalation of asbestos - coal dust - pollution

Question 59

how much % of atmospheric air is made up of oxygen ?

Answer 59

21%

Question 60

how much % of atmospheric air is made up of carbon dioxide ?

Answer 60

0.03%

Question 61

what is the formula for rate of diffusion ?

Answer 61

gradient x SA / thickness

Question 62

how do O2 & CO2 move ?

Answer 62

through simple diffusion

Question 63

in regards to gas exchange is a large surface area considered good or bad ?

Answer 63

good (lots of area to cross the membrane)

Question 64

what is the organization of CV system ?

Answer 64

- right ventricle - pulmonary artery - pulmonary arterioles - pulmonary capillaries - pulmonary venules - pulmonary veins - left atrium

Question 65

what is our blood composition ?

Answer 65

- 55% plasma - less than 1% white blood cells - 45% red blood cells

Question 66

what exists within plasma ?

Answer 66

water, proteins, ions, gases, vitamins, etc.

Question 67

what are the two ways blood is transported ?

Answer 67

1. dissolved in plasma 2. bound to hemoglobin

Question 68

what are three ways in which carbon dioxide is transported ?

Answer 68

1. dissolved in plasma 2. attached to blood proteins 3. bicarbonate ion

Question 69

what two things combine to form carbonic acid ?

Answer 69

CO2 and H2O

Question 70

what can affect Hb (hemoglobin) saturation ?

Answer 70

- exercise - increased temperature - increase pCO2 - decreased pH (acids)

Question 71

what are the two locations of chemoreceptors ?

Answer 71

1. peripheral chemoreceptors 2. central chemoreceptors

Question 72

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found ?

Answer 72

in aortic arch, carotid body

Question 73

where are central chemoreceptors found ?

Answer 73

in medulla

Question 74

what is respiratory acidosis ?

Answer 74

ph < 7.4 due to changes in pulmonary gas exchange

Question 75

what are four diseases of respiratory acidosis ?

Answer 75

- emphysema - nRDS - pulmonary fibrosis - opioid use

Question 76

what is respiratory alkalosis ?

Answer 76

pH > 7.4 due to changes in pulmonary gas exchange (hyperventilation)

Question 77

why does hyperventilation cause you to pass out ?

Answer 77

- hyperventilating increases CO2 removal from blood - decrease PCO2 in the blood - vasoconstriction of blood vessels - decrease blood flow (in then brain)

Question 78

what FOUR acid-base balance tools are used to maintain homeostasis ?

Answer 78

- respiratory acidosis - respiratory alkalosis - metabolic acidosis - metabolic alkalosis

Question 79

what is metabolic acidosis ?

Answer 79

pH < 7.4 due to changes in pH unrelated to CO2

Question 80

what is metabolic alkalosis ?

Answer 80

pH > 7.4 due to changes in pH unrelated to CO2

Question 81

what is anemia ?

Answer 81

not enough red blood cells

Question 82

where are red blood cells produced ?

Answer 82

bone marrow

Question 83

what causes anemia ?

Answer 83

low production of erythrocytes - bone marrow issues - improper nutrition - kidney failure

Question 84

what are erythrocytes ?

Answer 84

red blood cells

Question 85

what does anemia cause an increase in ?

Answer 85

bleeding and hemolytic disease

Question 86

what is erythropoietin ?

Answer 86

- peptide hormone - acts on bone arrow - released from kidney - stimulus low PO2

Question 87

what is a consequence of high red blood cells ?

Answer 87

thicker blood (more resistance)