Motor Control and Disorder of Action Flashcards by D E

How do we control our movements?

Using multiple muscles
Precise timing (e.g. between the 2 hands)
Multiple components of movement

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What do ‘higher’ cognitive aspects of motor control include?

List 4 points

Planning and timing
Sequencing
Imagery (cf mirror neurones)
Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)

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What neurones are involved in imagery in motor control?

Mirror neurones

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Visualisation when practicing an action

a. Planning and timing

b. Sequencing

c. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)

d. Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)

c. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)

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When learning a new musical piece, the individual makes little to no conscious effort when playing

a. Planning and timing

b. Sequencing

c. Imagery (cf mirror neurones)

d. Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)

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List 3 ways we can apply ‘higher’ cognitive aspects of motor control

How to best learn motor skills
Rehabilitation of patients with difficulties with movement
Using knowledge of human movements to
create artificial limbs/robots

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What are the 4 key cortical motor areas in the brain?

Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Parietal cortex

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What is the key motor function of Primary Motor cortex?

Execution

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What is the key motor function of Premotor cortex?

Preparation of actions

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What is the key motor function of Prefrontal cortex?

Higher level of planning

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What is the key motor function of Parietal cortex?

Sensory-motor links

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Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Higher level of planning

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

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Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Execution

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

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Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Preparation of actions

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

d. Premotor cortex

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Which key brain area does this motor function apply to?

Sensory-motor links

a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Parietal cortex
c. Primary Motor Cortex
d. Premotor cortex

b. Parietal cortex

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What are the 3 characteristic of the Primary Motor cortex (M1)?

Pre-central gyrus
Somatotopic
organisation
Activation in particular
parts of M1 causes
movement of particular
body parts on opposite
side

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Activation in particular
parts of _____ causes
movement of particular
body parts on opposite
side

Primary Motor cortex (M1)

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Activation in particular
parts of Primary Motor cortex (M1) causes
…?

Movement of particular
body parts on opposite
side

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How is the Primary Motor cortex (M1) organised?

Somatotopic organisation

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What is Somatotopic
organisation?

Organised according to the particular body parts

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What can be used to activate/stimulate parts of the Primary Motor cortex (M1)?

TMS

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If the left hemisphere of the Primary Motor cortex (M1) is activate, what part of our body will move?

Right hand/arm will move

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If the left hemisphere of the Primary Motor cortex (M1) is activate, our right hand/arm will move

This is known as…?

Somatotopic activation

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What happens when there is a stroke affecting one side of the brain?

It can affect the movement of the opposite side of the body

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_____ can affect the movement of the opposite side of the body

Stroke affecting one side of the brain

What are the 2 types of brain lesions that can affect movement of the opposite side of the body?

1. Hemiplegia 2. Hemiparesis

Define Hemiplegia

Paralysis of one side of the body

Define Hemiparesis

Weakness of one side of the body

Paralysis of one side of the body This is known as...?

Hemiplegia

Weakness of one side of the body This is known as...?

Hemiparesis

e.g. Problems with face muscles on one side a. Hemiplegia b. Hemiparesis

a. Hemiplegia

Potential of rehabilitation a. Hemiplegia b. Hemiparesis

b. Hemiparesis

What 2 things are involved in normal motor control?

1. Bilateral Premotor Planning 2. Unilateral Primary Motor Execution

What 3 things are involved in stroke induced paresis/motor control?

1. Ipsilateral Premotor Planning unaffected 2. Contralateral Premotor Planning lost 3. Primary Motor Execution Lost

Cells in _____ have a preferred direction of movement

Primary Motor cortex (M1)

Cells in Primary Motor cortex (M1) have a preferred ...?

Direction of movement

Cells in Primary Motor cortex (M1) have a preferred direction of movement What is the preferred direction?

Anywhere where there are high populations of cells

What type of coding of movement do Primary Motor cortex (M1) cells follow?

Vector coding

What is vector coding in Primary Motor cortex (M1)?

When populations of cells code the direction of movement

What are the 2 parallel systems in the Primary Motor cortex (M1) that form an integrate-isolate pattern?

1. Body-part specific for fine motor control of the foot, hand and mouth 2. Somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) for integrating goals and whole body movement

What pattern do the 2 parallel systems in the Primary Motor cortex (M1) form...?

An integrate-isolate pattern

1. Body-part specific for fine motor control of the foot, hand and mouth 2. Somato-cognitive action network (SCAN) for integrating goals and whole body movement These are the systems in...? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

Where does the Primary Motor cortex (M1) receive input from? List 3 points

1. Supplementary motor area 2. Premotor area 3. Primary somatosensory area

Where does the Primary Motor cortex (M1) output signals/information to?

Spinal cord (for the control of muscles)

Why is the position of Primary Motor cortex (M1) and Primary Somatosensory cortex convenient? List 3 points

1. They are right next to each other 2. It is quicker and easier for the Primary Somatosensory cortex to send information to the Primary Motor cortex (M1) 3. The Primary Motor cortex (M1) would then send output signals to the spinal cord for the control of muscles

Receives input from: 1. Supplementary motor area 2. Premotor area 3. Primary somatosensory area a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

Output to the spinal cord a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

What are the key areas of the Premotor cortex?

1. Lateral Premotor Cortex 2. Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

Lateral Premotor Cortex is an area in the...? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

d. Premotor cortex

Supplementary Motor Area is an area in the ...? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

d. Premotor cortex

What region in the Premotor cortex is responsible for externally generated actions?

Lateral Premotor Cortex

What region in the Premotor cortex is responsible for internally generated actions?

Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

What is Lateral Premotor Cortex responsible for?

Externally generated actions

What is Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex) responsible for?

Internally generated actions e.g. well learnt sequences that you know how to do already

Which region of the Premotor cortex does this apply to? Generating actions of well learnt sequences that you know how to do already

Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

Which region of the Premotor cortex does this apply to? Generating actions of novel sequences or unfamiliar movements

Lateral Premotor Cortex

Which region of the Premotor cortex does this apply to? Voluntarily initiating movement, when and where to do it rather than how

Supplementary Motor Area – (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)

Areas more active in more difficult bimanual tasks a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

d. Premotor cortex

What 3 areas are more active in more difficult bimanual tasks?

1. Cerebellum 2. SMA 3. Pre-motor area

Give an example of a bimanual task

Tasks across the hand Drawing a circle clockwise with one hand while simultaneously drawing a circle anti clockwise with another hand

Cerebellum, SMA and Pre-motor areas are more active in more difficult bimanual tasks What does this suggest about our coordination of movements?

We are good at coordinating our hands and separating them would make our everyday life difficult

What is sequence learning?

Practicing and learning temporal patterns of events little by little during the course of the experiment

How does sequence learning help us with our movements? List 2 ways

1. It helps produce faster and more accurate movements 2. Movements change from effortful to automatic

Helps produce faster and more accurate movements What contributes to this?

Sequence Learning

Movements change from effortful to automatic What contributes to this?

Sequence Learning

What 4 regions of the brain become affected after sequence learning?

1. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 2. SMA 3. Lateral premotor cortex 4. Primary motor cortex

What happens to the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after sequence learning?

Decreases in activation

What happens to the SMA after sequence learning?

Increases in activation

What happens to the Lateral premotor cortex after sequence learning?

Decreases in activation

What happens to the Primary motor cortex after sequence learning?

Decreases in activation

After sequence learning, which of these brain regions decrease in activation? a. SMA b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. Primary motor cortex d. Lateral premotor cortex

b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. Primary motor cortex d. Lateral premotor cortex

After sequence learning, which of these brain regions increase in activation? a. SMA b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. Primary motor cortex d. Lateral premotor cortex

a. SMA

Why does the primary motor cortex decrease in activation after sequence learning?

Because once you have learned the sequence and have had sufficient practice, you are less likely to make less effort and movements since you are already familiar with it

What is the role of Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Informal conscious control

What is the role of SMA?

Internal generation of movements

What is the role of Lateral Premotor Cortex?

External generation of movements

Other than the SMA, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Primary motor cortex and Lateral premotor cortex, what other 2 brain regions are affected by sequence learning?

1. Subcortical - cerebellum 2. Basal ganglia

There are ____ muscles involved as more sequence learning takes place a. Fewer b. More

a. Fewer

Describe Gerloff et al.'s (1997) study and results on using the TMS to block activity in the SMA List 2 points

1. Repetitive TMS to block activity in a particular brain area for a period of time during simple, scale and complex piano sequence tasks 2. SMA only interfered with performing the most complex sequence

Repetitive TMS to block activity in a particular brain area for a period of time during simple, scale and complex piano sequence tasks What did the SMA only interfered with?

Only interfered with performing the most complex sequence but not simple or scale sequences

List one evidence of the SMA

SMA only interfered with performing the most complex sequence but not simple or scale sequences Suggests its importance in complex sequence tasks

Important for complex sequence tasks a. SMA b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. Primary motor cortex d. Lateral premotor cortex

a. SMA

Only interfered with performing the most complex sequence a. SMA b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. Primary motor cortex d. Lateral premotor cortex

a. SMA

Choosing what action to perform involves which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

For longer term goals and intentions a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

Attention to action – when difficult or learning a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

Not specific to action, e.g. generating random numbers a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

What are the 4 characteristics of Prefrontal cortex?

1. Choosing what action to perform (e.g. which finger, Frith et al. 1991) 2. Attention to action – when difficult or learning 3. Longer term goals and intentions 4. Not specific to action, e.g. generating random numbers

When do we pay more attention to our actions?

When the actions or difficult or when learning new actions

What are the 4 types of prefrontal cortex lesions?

1. Perseveration 2. Utilisation behaviour 3. Disinhibition 4. Frontal apraxia

Define Perseveration

Repeating the same action when it is no longer relevant

Define Utilisation behaviour

When the person acts on an irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment e.g. Visiting your neurologist and putting on their glasses, inappropriate social behaviour

Define Disinhibition

The inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour e.g. antisaccade task Person is asked to not look at the light flashed on one side of the wall but they look at it anyway because they can't resist

Define Frontal apraxia

Not being able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)

Repeating the same action when it is no longer relevant Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to? a. Frontal apraxia b. Perseveration c. Utilisation behaviour d. Disinhibition

b. Perseveration

When the person acts on an irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to? a. Frontal apraxia b. Perseveration c. Utilisation behaviour d. Disinhibition

c. Utilisation behaviour

e.g. Visiting your neurologist and putting on their glasses, inappropriate social behaviour Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to? a. Frontal apraxia b. Perseveration c. Utilisation behaviour d. Disinhibition

c. Utilisation behaviour

The inability to withhold an inappropriate or unwanted behaviour Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to? a. Frontal apraxia b. Perseveration c. Utilisation behaviour d. Disinhibition

d. Disinhibition

e.g. antisaccade task Person is asked to not look at the light flashed on one side of the wall but they look at it anyway because they can't resist Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to? a. Frontal apraxia b. Perseveration c. Utilisation behaviour d. Disinhibition

d. Disinhibition

Not being able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea) Which brain lesion does the above statement apply to? a. Frontal apraxia b. Perseveration c. Utilisation behaviour d. Disinhibition

a. Frontal apraxia

Perseveration is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

Frontal apraxia is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

Hemiplegia is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

Disinhibition is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

Hemiparesis is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

Utilisation behaviour is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

a. Prefrontal cortex

Stroke affecting one side of the brain is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

c. Primary Motor Cortex

Describe Antisaccades List 2 points

1. Required to look in opposite direction to the target 2. Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target

1. Required to look in opposite direction to the target 2. Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target This is known as...?

Antisaccades

In Antisaccades, participants are required to look in the opposite direction to the target What must they inhibit?

Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target

Describe the 2 components of the Normal and Shallice model?

1. Contention scheduling 2. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

1. Contention scheduling 2. Supervisory attentional System (SAS) These are the 2 components of...?

Normal and Shallice model

What is the role of contention scheduling in the Normal and Shallice model?

Selects appropriate schema/actions at the appropriate time

What is the role of the Supervisory attentional System (SAS) in the Normal and Shallice model?

Required for novel/less automatic actions or when you need to perform something different

Selects appropriate schema/actions at the appropriate time a. Contention scheduling b. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

a. Contention scheduling

Required for novel/less automatic actions or when you need to perform something different a. Contention scheduling b. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

b. Supervisory attentional System (SAS)

How can we explain action errors from prefrontal cortex damage?

1. Perseveration: unable to change schemas when it is no longer appropriate 2. Utilisation behaviour: schemas are activated by the environment without the SAS suppressing them

How can we explain action errors from prefrontal cortex damage such as perseveration?

We are unable to change schemas when it is no longer appropriate

How can we explain action errors from prefrontal cortex damage such as utilisation behaviour?

Schemas are activated by the environment without the SAS suppressing them

True or False? We all make action errors but people with cognitive lesions are more prone to these errors

True

Apraxia is a lesion involved in which region of the brain? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Parietal cortex c. Primary Motor Cortex d. Premotor cortex

b. Parietal cortex

Damage to the parietal cortex can lead to ...?

Apraxia

Define Apraxia

Inability to perform skilled purposeful movement

Inability to perform skilled purposeful movement This is known as...?

Apraxia

How can parietal cortex be useful for understanding movements?

Knowing where things are (spatial information)

Define Ideomotor Apraxia

When idea and execution are disconnected but we retain knowledge of action

When idea and execution are disconnected but we retain knowledge of action This is known as...?

Ideomotor Apraxia

Can recognise action performed by another a. Ideomotor Apraxia b. Apraxia c. Frontal Apraxia d. Utilisation behaviour

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. using body part as tool) a. Ideomotor Apraxia b. Apraxia c. Frontal Apraxia d. Utilisation behaviour

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

Can perform sequence but not components a. Ideomotor Apraxia b. Apraxia c. Frontal Apraxia d. Utilisation behaviour

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

What are the 3 characteristics of Ideomotor Apraxia?

1. Can recognise action performed by another 2. Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. body part as tool) simply = fail to mime simple everyday actions e.g. Using your index finder as a toothbrush when miming the action of brushing your teeth instead of miming a hand grabbing action of the toothbrush 3. Can perform sequence but not components - Do not have a meaning for the action

Fail to mime simple everyday actions e.g. Using your index finder as a toothbrush when miming the action of brushing your teeth instead of miming a hand grabbing action of the toothbrush What type of lesion does this apply to? a. Ideomotor Apraxia b. Apraxia c. Frontal Apraxia d. Utilisation behaviour

a. Ideomotor Apraxia

What are the 2 Subcortical Motor Areas?

1. Basal Ganglia (nuclei of the mid-brain) 2. Cerebellum (back of the brain)

Cerebellum lesion is referred to as...?

Cerebellar

What is Cerebellar?

Cerebellum lesion

What can Cerebellar patients experience? List 5 points

1. Action tremor 2. Dysmetria: over and undershooting of movements 3. Deficits in coordinating across joints 4. Deficits in motor learning 5. Deficits in timing

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to? Action tremor

Cerebellar

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to? Dysmetria: over and undershooting of movements

Cerebellar

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to? Deficits in coordinating across joints

Cerebellar

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to? Deficits in motor learning

Cerebellar

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to? Deficits in timing

Cerebellar

Define Dysmetria

Over and undershooting of movements Simply = Reaching out too far past an object or reaching out too short of an object

Over and undershooting of movements Simply = Reaching out too far past an object or reaching out too short of an object This is known as...?

Dysmetria

What brain lesion does this symptom apply to? Deficit in predicting the outcome of movements

Cerebellar

Describe the Random Saccade Test

Participants are asked to follow where the instructor's fingers move (eyemovement test)

Describe results of the Random Saccade Test with Cerebellar patients

Patients overshot the movements of the instructor's fingers

Describe the results of the finger to nose movement in patients with cerebellar tremor

The tremor amplitude increases as the finger nears the target

Describe the results of the finger to nose movement in patients with Parkinson's disease

The tremor may be present at the beginning of the movement (not making any action) and smooth out near the nose

Describe the results of the finger to nose movement in patients with essential tremor

The tremor exists throughout the test, possibly worsening as the finger approaches the nose

The tremor exists throughout the test, possibly worsening as the finger approaches the nose a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

a. Essential tremor

The tremor may be present at the beginning of the movement (not making any action) and smooth out near the nose a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

The tremor amplitude increases as the finger nears the target a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

d. Cerebellar tremor

How common is Parkinson’s disease?

1 in 1000 people

How common is Parkinson’s disease in people over 65?

1 in 100 people over 65

What are the 4 movement symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

1. Bradykinesia – slow movement 2. Tremor (resting) 3. Rigidity 4. Shuffling their feet

Define Bradykinesia

Slow movement

Define resting tremor

Tremor that is not always present

Define rigidity

Inability to relax (e.g. their arm), muscle is stiff

What causes shuffling (small footsteps) in people with Parkinson’s disease?

Death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta

Death of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta causes ____

Shuffling in Parkinson’s disease

How can people with Parkinson’s disease improve shuffling, arms not swinging properly and difficulty turning their body (improve movement)?

Taking dopamine medication

Bradykinesia – slow movement a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

Resting tremor a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

Rigidity a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

Shuffling, arms not swinging properly and difficulty turning their body a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

What does writing with Parkinson's disease look like? List 2 points

1. Small in size 2. May reduce in size while writing (due to fatigue)

Writing is small in size a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

Writing may reduce in size while writing due to fatigue a. Essential tremor b. Parkinson's disease c. No pathological temor d. Cerebellar tremor

b. Parkinson's disease

What are the 3 deficits of Parkinson’s disease?

1. Internal/external - More problems with internally generated movements 2. Complex movements - Bimanual, sequences of movements 3. Cognitive effects - Attention shifting, everyday cognitive failures

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience more problems with _____ generated movements a. Internal b. External

a. Internal

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience deficits in complex movements What are the 2 complex movements they struggle with?

1. Bimanual tasks 2. Sequences

Patients with Parkinson’s disease experience deficits in cognitive effects What are the 2 cognitive effects they struggle with?

1. Attention shifting 2. Everyday cognitive failures

Motor Control and Disorder of Action Flashcards

(172 cards)