Theories of visual perception Flashcards
(299 cards)
1
Q
Why is the perception of form and organisation important?
A
Environment contains hundreds of overlapping objects
Yet perceptual experience is of structured, coherent objects which we can recognise, use and usually name
2
Q
What are the features of the back of the retina?
List 3 points
A
- The distribution of receptors are at the back of the retina’
- Receptors are not evenly distributed
- Fovea (where receptors are densely packed), where you see an image of sharp focus and where you see images in colour
3
Q
Where you see an image of sharp focus and where you see images in colour
This is known as…?
A
The fovea
4
Q
Where receptors are densely packed
This is known as…?
A
The fovea
5
Q
What can the fovea see?
A
See an image of sharp focus and images in colour
6
Q
____ half of the visual field projects onto the right of the brain
a. Right
b. Left
A
b. Left
7
Q
Left half of the visual field projects onto the _____ of the brain
a. Right
b. Left
A
a. Right
8
Q
_____ half of the visual field projects onto the left of the brain
a. Right
b. Left
A
a. Right
9
Q
Right half of the visual field projects onto the ____ of the brain
a. Right
b. Left
A
b. Left
10
Q
True or False?
There are even amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array
A
False
There are uneven amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array
11
Q
There are uneven amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array
Where is the visual cortex most devoted to?
A
The fovea
12
Q
More of the visual cortex is devoted to the fovea where there’s …?
A
The most amount of receptors
13
Q
There are uneven amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array
Where is the visual cortex least devoted to?
A
The periphery
14
Q
True or False?
The retina is curved
A
True
15
Q
True or False?
The lens always stays still
A
False
The lens is constantly moving and being updated
16
Q
The lens is constantly moving and being updated
How often does this happen?
A
50 times a second
17
Q
What moves and updates 50 times a second?
A
The lens
18
Q
Interpretation of a sensation is called …?
A
Perception
19
Q
What is perception?
A
Interpretation of a sensation
20
Q
True or False?
Receptors are evenly distributed
A
False
Receptors are unevenly distributed
21
Q
The images we see are…?
List 4 points
A
- Inverted
- Tiny
- Curved
- Flat
22
Q
The image we see is inverted, tiny, curved and flat
Why?
A
To compensate for eye movement, body movement and object movement
23
Q
To compensate for eye movement, body movement and object movement
We see images…?
A
Inverted, tiny, curved and flat
24
Q
True or False?
There are even amounts of cortex devoted to different parts of the visual field
A
False
There are uneven amounts of cortex devoted to different parts of the visual field
25
True or False?
There is nothing visual about the cortical representation
True
26
There is nothing square about the representation of a square
What does this tell us?
There is nothing visual about the cortical representation
27
What is the homunculus argument /fallacy?
There is a ‘little man’ who lives in our brain and sees and controls everything
28
The means by which information acquired from the environment via the sense organs is transformed into experiences of objects, events, sounds, tastes, etc.
This is known as...?
Perception
29
What is perception?
Where information acquired from the environment via the sense organs is transformed into experiences of objects, events, sounds, tastes, etc.
30
Trying to interpret sensation and come up with some hypothesis about what it is out there in the real world
This is known as...?
Distal stimulus
31
What is a distal stimulus?
Trying to interpret sensation and come up with some hypothesis about what it is out there in the real world
32
When distal stimulus causes sensations on the back of the retina
This is known as...?
Proximal stimulus
33
What is a proximal stimulus?
When distal stimulus causes sensations on the back of the retina
34
When the brain interprets the proximal stimulus and tries to work out what is it out there in the real world that exists
This is known as...?
Perceptual experience
35
What is a perceptual experience?
When the brain interprets the proximal stimulus and tries to work out what is it out there in the real world that exists
36
What is the order of perception/perceptual experience?
List 3 points
1. Distal stimulus (stimulus from the environment)
2. Proximal stimulus (image you see on the back of the retina)
3. Perceptual experience (perception of the world)
37
Stimulus from the environment
a. Distal stimulus
b. Proximal stimulus
c. Perceptual experience
a. Distal stimulus
38
Image you see on the back of the retina
a. Distal stimulus
b. Proximal stimulus
c. Perceptual experience
b. Proximal stimulus
39
Perception of the world
a. Distal stimulus
b. Proximal stimulus
c. Perceptual experience
c. Perceptual experience
40
Why is perception important?
List 2 reasons
1. Our only source of information about world
2. All other cognitive systems rely on perception
41
True or False?
Perception is our only source of information about world
True
42
True or False?
All other cognitive systems do not neccesarily rely on perception
False
All other cognitive systems rely on perception
43
What are the sources of energy present in the real world?
List 7
1. Light
2. Sound
3. Vibration
4. Heat
5. Pressure
6. Movement
7. Chemicals
44
What are the sense organs used to transduce the sources of energy present in the real world?
List 4
1. Eyes
2. Ears
3. Nose
4. Skin
45
Sense organs are used to transduce the sources of energy present in the real world into...?
Electrical signal
46
What is another term for perception?
Qualia
47
Qualia is known as...?
Perception
48
Describe how sources of energy in the real world can be perceived?
List 3 points
1. The real world has different sources of energy
2. These are transduced by our sense organs, changing from one form of energy to another (to electrical signals)
3. The brain tries to perform reverse engineering to work out, what is causing this electrical signal in the real world?
Simply = The brain receives these electric signals and perform perception
49
What are the 4 theories of visual perception?
1. The Gestalt approach to perception
2. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception
3. Marr’s information processing theory of perception
4. The Constructivist approach to perception
50
These are the 4 theories of visual perception
1. The Gestalt approach to perception
2. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception
3. Marr’s information processing theory of perception
4. The Constructivist approach to perception
How do these theories differ? (List 3 points)
1. Bottom-up vs. Top-down processing
2. Goal of perception
3. Methods of study
51
Who proposed an approach to perception as a theory of visual perception?
Gestalt
52
Who proposed the ecological theory of perception as a theory of visual perception?
Gibson
53
Who proposed the information processing theory of perception as a theory of visual perception?
Marr
54
What does Gestalt psychology propose?
The whole is greater (different) than the sum of its parts
55
The whole is greater (different) than the sum of its parts
Which psychology proposes this?
Gestalt psychology
56
Gestalt psychology believes in ...?
a. Top-Down Approach
b. Botton-Up Approach
a. Top-Down Approach
57
What are Gestalt psychologists interested in?
List 2 points
1. How we group parts of a stimulus together
2. The way we separate figure from ground
(SEGREGATION and GROUPING)
58
Which type of psychology is interested in:
1. How we group parts of a stimulus together
2. The way we separate figure from ground
(SEGREGATION and GROUPING)
Gestalt psychology
59
Rejection or reaction to the idea that you had some mechanistic thing where you started with the input to the retina, and you built up levels of processing to eventually end up at visual processing
What was Gestalt psychology trying to argue based on this approach?
That something was missing from this approach
60
What do we often do when we are met with ambiguous figures?
We usually change our viewpoint (actively engaging with our environment) if we are looking at something we are unsure about
61
We usually change our viewpoint (actively engaging with our environment) if we are looking at ...?
Ambiguous figures
62
Name 3 individuals who were part of the Gestalt school
1. Max Wertheimer
2. Kurt Koffka
3. Wolfgang Kohler
63
Reaction against Structuralism (Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
Which approach does this apply to?
Gestalt approach
64
Gestalt approach was a reaction against...?
Structuralism (Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
65
Perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to ...?
Simple individual elements
66
‘Perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to simple individual elements.’
What did Gestalt approach argue about this?
Gestault argued that this ignores the relationship between stimuli
67
Which approach argues that perception ignores the relationship between stimuli?
Gestalt approach
68
Which approach believes that we don’t see lines and figures but forms and shapes?
Gestalt approach
69
Gestalt approach believes that we don’t see lines and figures but ...?
Forms and shapes
70
True or False?
Ambiguity generally arises in the real world
False
Ambiguity generally does not arise in the real world
71
True or False?
We usually see an unstable and ambiguous world
False
We usually see a stable and organised world
72
Ambiguity generally does not arise in the real world. Rather, we usually see a stable and organised world.
Why?
Because we engage in it and also because we use certain rules to organise what we perceive these innate rules
73
Gestalt approach was interested in innate rules
This is...?
a. Top down perspective
b. Bottom up perspective
a. Top down perspective
73
Which approach was interested in innate rules to perception (top down perspective)?
Gestalt approach
74
Most people see a set of overlapping circles, rather than one circle touching two adjoining shapes that have ‘bites’ taken out of them
Why?
We see objects according to all their elements taken together as a whole
75
Which approach argues that we see objects according to all their elements taken together as a whole?
Gestalt approach
76
Which approach sought to isolate principles of perception (innate ‘laws’ which determine way in which objects are perceived)?
Gestalt approach
77
When you look at a bike, you immediately perceive a bike; you don’t recognise a saddle and then some handle bars and then some wheels
Which approach argues this?
Gestalt approach
78
Gestalt view argued that: when you look at a bike, you immediately perceive
a. A whole bike
b. A saddle
c. Some handle bars
d. Some wheels
a. A whole bike
79
What are the 9 Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation?
1. Similarity
2. Good continuation
3. Proximity
4. Connectedness
5. Closure
6. Common Fate
7. Familiarity
8. Invariance
9. Prägnanz – “good figure”
80
What is the similarity Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Similar things appear to be grouped together
Grouping can occur due to shape, lightness, hue, orientation, size
81
What is the good continuation Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines, are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
82
What is the proximity Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Things that are near to one another appear to be grouped together
83
What is the connectedness Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Things that are physically connected are perceived as a unit
84
What is the closure Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Of several geometrically possible perceptual organisations, a closed figure will be preferred to an open figure
We tend to ‘complete’ a broken figure because of the Strong closure cue for organising what we see
85
What is the common fate Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Things that are moving in the same direction are grouped together
Objects with same orientation are grouped together
86
What is the familiarity Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful
87
What is the invariance Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media
Demonstrates active process, having to interpret your sensations
88
What is the Prägnanz – “good figure” (figure-ground segregation) Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?
We can separate figure from ground
89
Define Reification
More spatial info than is present
90
More spatial info than is present
This is known as...?
Reification
91
What is the major problem in computer vision?
Invariance
We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media
92
We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media
What does this demonstrate?
Active process, having to interpret your sensations
93
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Similar things appear to be grouped together
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
a. Similarity
94
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Grouping can occur due to shape, lightness, hue, orientation, size
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
a. Similarity
95
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines, are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
b. Good continuation
96
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Things that are near to one another appear to be grouped together
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
c. Proximity
97
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Things that are physically connected are perceived as a unit
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
d. Connectedness
98
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Of several geometrically possible perceptual organisations, a closed figure will be preferred to an open figure
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
e. Closure
99
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
We tend to ‘complete’ a broken figure because of the Strong closure cue for organizing what we see
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
e. Closure
100
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Things that are moving in the same direction are grouped together
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
f. Common Fate
101
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Objects with same orientation are grouped together
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
f. Common Fate
102
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
g. Familiarity
103
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
h. Invariance
104
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
A major Problem in Computer vision
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
h. Invariance
105
Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?
Figure-Ground Segregation
a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”
106
What does figure-ground segregation look like in the real world?
Normally in a visual scene, some objects (figures) seem prominent, and other aspects of field recede into the background (ground)
107
Is this a figure or a ground?
Objects
a. Figure
b. Ground
a. Figure
108
Is this a figure or a ground?
Background
a. Figure
b. Ground
b. Ground
109
Is this a figure or a ground?
Lecturer
a. Figure
b. Ground
a. Figure
110
Is this a figure or a ground?
A room
a. Figure
b. Ground
b. Ground
111
Why is the Gestalt approach interested in Figure-Ground segregation?
Because it infers top- down process
112
What are the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)?
List 5
1. Symmetry
2. Convexity
3. Area
4. Orientation
5. Meaning/Importance
113
Symmetry is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)
What does it mean?
Symmetrical areas are usually viewed as figures
114
Convexity is one of the properties that affect whether area seen as figure or ground are (Figure-Ground segregation)
What does it mean?
Convex shapes are usually viewed as figures
115
Area is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)
What does it mean?
Stimuli with a comparatively smaller area are usually viewed as figures
116
Orientation is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)
What does it mean?
Vertical and horizontal orientations are usually viewed as figures
117
Meaning/Importance is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)
What does it mean?
Meaningful objects are more likely to be viewed as figures
This implies attention (top-down)
118
Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?
Symmetrical areas are usually viewed as figures
a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance
a. Symmetry
119
Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?
Convex shapes are usually viewed as figures
a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance
b. Convexity
120
Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?
Stimuli with a comparatively smaller area are usually viewed as figures
a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance
c. Area
121
Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?
Vertical and horizontal orientations are usually viewed as figures
a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance
d. Orientation
122
Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?
Meaningful objects are more likely to be viewed as figures
a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance
e. Meaning/Importance
123
Meaningful objects are more likely to be viewed as figures
What does this imply?
This implies attention (top-down)
124
What are the 5 problems with the Gestalt approach?
1. Underplay the parallel processing and unconscious processing that the brain does
2. Explanation of how some of their laws worked was wrong
3. Their laws provide a description of how things work rather than an explanation
4. Their laws are ill defined – Prägnanz – what is the simplest and most stable shape?
5. Stating the obvious
125
What did Gibson’s ecological theory of perception believe about perception?
Perception is ‘direct’
126
According to Gibson’s ecological theory of perception, rich information received are ...?
Sufficient for interaction with environment
127
What did Gibson’s ecological theory of perception believe about complex cognitive processes?
Complex cognitive processes are unnecessary
128
What were the 2 main arguments of Gibson’s ecological theory of perception?
1. Bottom Up approach
2. Ecological
129
According to Gibson’s ecological theory of perception, perception involves a bottom-up approach
What did they argue? (List 3 points)
1. Perception is ‘direct’
2. Rich information received sufficient for interaction with environment
3. Complex cognitive processes unnecessary
130
Believes motion and moving around is a major component of visual perception
Who believed this?
Gibson
131
Gibson believes motion and moving around is a major component of visual perception
How did he study perception?
Studied in natural environments, not the lab (no 2D displays)
132
How did Gibson’s ideas evolved?
List 4 points
1. As a child his father took him on train rides
2. Intrigued by the way the world flowed and expanded towards him, and contracted and flowed away behind him – Optic Flow
3. In later life applied this to pilot training
4. Notice it is active, movement of the observer provides additional stream of information
133
Define optic flow
When the world flows and expands towards you, and contracts and flows away behind you
134
When the world flows and expands towards you, and contracts and flows away behind you
This is known as...?
Optic flow
135
What is Ambient Optic Array?
Information coming into your eye
136
What are the 2 characteristics of Ambient Optic Array?
1. Structure of light reflected by textured surfaces
2. Changes due to observer movement (as you move around, the image on the back of the retina changes)
137
1. Structure of light reflected by textured surfaces
2. Changes due to observer movement (as you move around, the image on the back of the retina changes)
These are characteristics of...?
Ambient Optic Array
138
Bottom Up approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
139
Top-down approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
b. Gestalt approach
140
Sufficient information in the retinal array
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
141
Perception is ‘direct’ – not different from sensation
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
142
Retinal image provides rich information sufficient for interaction
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
143
Complex cognitive processes unnecessary
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
144
Ecological – study in natural environments not labs – and allow movement
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
145
Underplay the parallel processing and unconscious processing that the brain does
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
b. Gestalt approach
146
Their laws provide a description of how things work rather than an explanation
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
b. Gestalt approach
147
Their laws are ill defined – Prägnanz – what is the simplest and most stable shape?
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
b. Gestalt approach
148
Stating the obvious
a. Gibson's Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach
b. Gestalt approach
149
What are invariants?
Unambiguous information about environment
It can be directly perceived
– e.g.(1) Horizon ratio relation
150
Unambiguous information about environment
It can be directly perceived
– e.g.(1) Horizon ratio relation
This is known as...?
Invariants
151
Proportion of object above
horizon is constant with changes in distance but not size
This is known as...?
Horizon ratio
152
Proportion of object above
horizon is constant with changes in _____ but not_____
1. distance
2. size
153
Proportion of object ____
horizon is constant with changes in distance but not size
a. Below
b. Above
b. Above
154
The proportion of the object above and below the horizon line is constant for objects of the same size standing on the same ground
This is known as...?
Horizon ratio
155
The proportion of the object above and below the horizon line is constant for objects of ...?
The same size standing on the same ground
156
If we have regular objects that were receding away from us, their proportion of their overall height that’s above the environment is...?
The same, regardless of the distance
157
What are the 2 types of invariants?
1. Horizon ratio relation
2. Texture gradients
158
What are texture gradients?
Texture changes depending on its orientation and its distance from you
159
Texture changes depending on its orientation and its distance from you
This is known as...?
Texture gradients
160
Changes in texture in the optic array tell us about _____, ______ and ______
1. distance
2. orientation
3. curvature of surfaces
161
The finer the gradient, the _______ the objects are
a. Further away
b. Closer
a. Further away
162
The courser the gradient, the ________ the objects are
a. Further away
b. Closer
b. Closer
163
The _____ the gradient, the further away the objects are
a. courser
b. finer
b. finer
164
The _____ the gradient, the closer the objects are
a. courser
b. finer
a. courser
165
Texture becomes smaller/finer as distance increases
This is known as...?
Texture gradient
166
Texture becomes smaller/finer as distance __
a. increases
b. decreases
c. does not change
a. increases
167
Describe Gibson & Bridgeman's (1987) findings on invariants
List 2 points
1. Participants could correctly identify objects, state their colour, identify the lighting conditions and the objects spatial orientations just from black and white photos of object surfaces
2. The average subject identified about two- thirds of the photographs correctly
168
True or False?
Participants could not correctly identify objects, state their colour, identify the lighting conditions and the objects spatial orientations from black and white photos of object surfaces
False
Participants could correctly identify objects, state their colour, identify the lighting conditions and the objects spatial orientations just from black and white photos of object surfaces
169
Describe Gibson & Bridgeman's (1987) study on invariants
List 5 points
1. "What substance or material is this composed of?" (free response)
2. "Is it gaseous, liquid, or solid?" (3 choices)
3. (If answer was "solid" on number 2) "Could you bend, deform, or change this surface with your finger?"
(2 choices)
4. "Is the surface planar (flat, smooth) or uneven?" (2 choices)
5. "Does everything in the picture have the same pigmentation (colored or black-white substance)?" (2 choices) "Is the lighting diffuse, or does most of it come from one direction?" (2 choices)
(If answer was "directional" on number 6) "What direc- tion is the light coming from?" (8 choices: the 4 edges and 4 corners of the photographs)
"On the box below, circle the edge or corner of the pic-
ture which seems closest to you. If all parts seem equally close, circle the whole box." (9 choices: 4 edges, 4 corners, or the whole photograph)
170
True or False?
Motion is not important to perceive invariant information
False
Motion is very important/ necessary in order to perceive invariant information
171
Motion very important/ necessary in order to perceive invariant information
Why?
In a static scene everything is invariant, so it is useful to introduce motion to highlight the invariant properties
172
In a static scene everything is _____
Invariant
173
In a static scene everything is invariant
How can we highlight the invariant properties?
Introduce motion
174
What are the 2 types of motion?
1. Motion due to observer movements
2. Motion due to object movement
175
What type of motion/movement did Gibson’s ecological theory of perception focus on?
Motion due to observer movements
176
Gibson’s ecological theory of perception focussed on motion due to observer movements
Why? List 2 points
1. It generates large changes in the ambient optic array
2. Gibson was interested in what these changes can tell us about the environment
177
Define motion parallax
Things far away move more slowly than things nearby
178
Things far away move more slowly than things nearby
This is known as...?
Motion parallax
179
According to motion parallax, speed of movement tells us about ...?
The distance to object from us
180
According to motion parallax, ______ tells us about distance to object
Speed of movement
181
Observer movement generates large changes in ambient optic array
This is known as...?
Motion parallax
182
Observer movement generates large changes in _____
Ambient optic array
183
______ generates large changes in ambient optic array
Observer movement
184
As an observer moves relative to a 3-D scene, nearby objects appear to move rapidly whereas far objects appear to move slowly
This is an example of...?
Motion parallax
185
As an observer moves relative to a 3-D scene, nearby objects appear to ____
a. Move rapidly
b. Move slowly
c. Freeze
d. Blink
a. Move rapidly
186
As an observer moves relative to a 3-D scene, far objects appear to _____
a. Move rapidly
b. Move slowly
c. Freeze
d. Blink
b. Move slowly
187
Monocular cue to depth is known as...?
Motion parallax
188
What does motion parallax depend on?
List 2 things
1. Relative direction
2. Amount of motion
189
Things closest to you go by very quickly and those that are furthest away go very slowly when you’re on a moving train
This is known as...?
Motion parallax
190
Motion Parallax is used more by ...?
Animals that don’t have much binocular overlap
191
How can we increase motion parallax cue?
List 2 ways
1. Head bob
2. Orthogonal running
192
What is optical Flow (expansion)?
Combination of parallax and retinal size
193
Combination of parallax and retinal size
This is known as...?
Optical Flow (expansion)
194
Horizontal lines are painted on the road, becoming
closer together as driver approach junctions
These markings are often seen on the exit roads from motorways and serve to create the illusion of increasing speed, which causes the driver to slow down before joining a non- motorway road
This is an example of...?
Optic flow
195
Describe a practical implication of Gibson’s Optic Flow Ideas
List 2 points
1. Horizontal lines are painted on the road, becoming closer together as driver approach junctions
2. These markings are often seen on the exit roads from motorways and serve to create the illusion of increasing speed, which causes the driver to slow down before joining a non- motorway road
196
Optic flow is a very strong cue for ____ and _____
1. Speed
2. Orientation
197
By moving, we are introducing more ____
Information in terms of the visual system
198
How can we introduce more information in terms of the visual system?
By moving
199
Define affordance
Opportunity for action
What the surface/ object offers the animal
200
Opportunity for action
What the surface/ object offers the animal
This is known as...?
Affordance
201
If you’re trying to design an object, you may try and emphasise what that object affords
e.g. what are you able to do with it, can it be grasped, eaten, sat upon?
This is known as...?
Affordance
202
What does affordance tell us about perception?
Memory and experience not necessary to perceive things (bottom-up)
203
Which approach highlighted important information in retinal image for perceiving depth and distance?
Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception
204
Which approach claims that perception is “direct” - no role for cognition in perception?
Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception
205
Which approach emphasised importance of action as goal of perception?
Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception
206
What are the 3 criticisms of Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception?
1. Vague? = How is this information picked up?
2. Ignores top-down = i.e. experience and memory
3. Ignores neuroscience
207
What are the 4 stages of image analysis according to Marr’s information processing approach to perception?
1. Grey level description
2. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
3. 21⁄2D sketch
4. 3D object-centred description
208
1. Grey level description
2. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
3. 21⁄2D sketch
4. 3D object-centred description
These are the 4 stages of image analysis according to...?
Marr’s information processing approach to perception
209
Marr’s information processing approach to perception emphasised a ...
a. Bottom-up approach
b. Top-down approach
a. Bottom-up
210
Bottom-up but emphasised computational nature of perception
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
c. Marr
211
Marr’s information processing approach to perception is bottom-up but emphasised ...?
Computational nature of perception
212
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Representation of objects independent of observer
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
d. 3D object-centred description
213
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Measuring intensity of light at. each point in image
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
a. Grey level description
214
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Representation of contrast change (blobs, edges, bars etc) over range of spatial frequencies)
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
215
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Representation of orientation, depth, colour relative to the observer
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
c. 21⁄2D sketch
216
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Black and white representation of the retinal image and examining that for abrupt changes in contrast (where edges in objects are)
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
a. Grey level description
217
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
The intensity of light is measured at each point on the retina
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
a. Grey level description
218
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Produced by activation of retinal photoreceptors
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
a. Grey level description
219
What is grey level description?
List 2 points
1. The intensity of light is measured at each point on the retina
2. Produced by activation of retinal photoreceptors
220
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Goal: Identify object edges
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
221
What is the goal of raw primal sketch?
Identify object edges
222
What is the process of raw primal sketch?
List 3 points
1. Gaussian blurring
2. Identify intensity changes
3. Assign primitives
223
One of the processes of raw primal sketch is Gaussian blurring
What happens in this process?
Blur images to different degrees
224
One of the processes of raw primal sketch is identify intensity changes
What happens in this process?
Those present at more than 2 levels of blurring
225
One of the processes of raw primal sketch is assign primitives
What happens in this process?
4 types of intensity change:
1. Edge-segment
2. Bar
3. Termination
4. Blob
226
Which raw primal sketch process does this apply to?
Blur images to
different degrees
a. Gaussian blurring
b. Identify intensity changes
c. Assign primitives
a. Gaussian blurring
227
Which raw primal sketch process does this apply to?
Those present at more than 2 levels of blurring
a. Gaussian blurring
b. Identify intensity changes
c. Assign primitives
b. Identify intensity changes
228
Which raw primal sketch process does this apply to?
4 types of intensity change:
1. Edge-segment
2. Bar
3. Termination
4. Blob
a. Gaussian blurring
b. Identify intensity changes
c. Assign primitives
c. Assign primitives
229
How can we assign primitives? List 4 ways
1. Edge-segment
2. Bar
3. Termination
4. Blob
230
What are the 4 types of intensity change?
1. Edge-segment
2. Bar
3. Termination
4. Blob
231
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Goal: Identify object outline
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
232
What are the 2 types of primal sketch
1. Raw
2. Full
233
What is the goal of full primal sketch?
Identify object outline
234
What is the process of full primal sketch?
List 2 points
1. Group primitives together and assign place token
2. Place tokens can be grouped to form higher-order place tokens
– Grouping based on clustering (like Gestalt proximity) and curvilinear aggregation (like Gestalt good continuation)
235
Place tokens can be grouped to form higher-order place tokens
What are the 2 ways we can group tokens?
1. Grouping based on clustering (like Gestalt proximity)
2. Grouping based on curvilinear aggregation (like Gestalt good continuation)
236
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Primal Sketch combined with depth cues, colour, motion
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
c. 21⁄2D sketch
237
What is 2 1/2 D sketch?
Primal Sketch combined with depth cues, colour, motion
238
Why is 2 1/2 D sketch not 3D?
Because it is observer- orientated
(unseen parts of scene and objects)
239
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
2 1/2 sketch analyzed for 3D volume primitives (cylinders, cones, cubes etc)
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
d. 3D object-centred description
240
What is 3D representation?
2 1/2 sketch analyzed for 3D volume primitives (cylinders, cones, cubes etc)
Produces 3D representation that is independent of observer
241
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Produces 3D representation that is independent of observer
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
d. 3D object-centred description
242
Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?
Conscious experience of vision
a. Grey level description
b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
c. 21⁄2D sketch
d. 3D object-centred description
d. 3D object-centred description
243
What is the importance of the Computational Approach?
List 2
1. An algorithm/ rule/ system is more likely to be understood by understanding the problem that has to be solved, rather than the examining the mechanism (and hardware) in which it is embodied (AI arguments)
2. To understand perception (purely) by studying neurons is like trying to understand bird flight by studying only feathers
244
An algorithm/ rule/ system is more likely to be understood by understanding the problem that has to be solved, rather than ...?
The examining the mechanism (and hardware) in which it is embodied (AI arguments)
245
An algorithm/ rule/ system is more likely to be understood by ...?
Understanding the problem that has to be solved
246
Trying to understand perception (purely) by studying neurons is like trying to understand bird flight by studying ...?
Only feathers
247
- Bottom-up approach
- Computational
- Biologically plausible
Which approach to perception is this?
Marr’s information processing approach to perception
248
What is the main criticism of Marr’s information processing approach to perception?
Retinal image not always sufficient to allow reconstruction...role of memory and experience?
249
Retinal image not always sufficient to allow reconstruction...role of memory and experience?
Which approach to perception does this criticism apply to?
Marr’s information processing approach to perception
250
What is the constructivist approach to perception?
1. Retinal image does not provide sufficient information
2. Perception depends upon stored knowledge (memory) and experience
251
Retinal image does not provide sufficient information
Which approach to perception does this apply to?
The constructivist approach to perception
252
Perception depends upon stored knowledge (memory) and experience
Which approach to perception does this apply to?
The constructivist approach to perception
253
Who proposed the idea of unconscious inference?
Helmholtz
254
Who is the main guy behind the constructivist approach to perception?
Helmholtz
255
What 2 things did Helmholtz propose for the constructivist approach to perception?
1. Unconscious inference
2. Likelihood principle
256
What is unconscious inference?
Involuntary, pre-rational and reflex-like mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions
257
Involuntary, pre-rational and reflex-like mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions
This is known as...?
Unconscious Inference
258
What are the 2 types of fixed unconscious neural processing?
1. Illusions: impervious to experience
2. Naïve optics (e.g. movement of sun in the sky)
259
True or False?
Interpretation is so hardwired into your brain that knowledge of the world around you does not help much
e.g. you see this illusion as a distorted square, even though you know that it is just an illusion
True
260
1. Illusions: impervious to experience
2. Naïve optics (e.g. movement of sun in the sky)
These are the 2 types of...?
Fixed unconscious neural processing
261
Define the Titchner Illusion
Brain over emphasizes size differences in grouping and separating objects
262
Brain over emphasizes size differences in grouping and separating objects
This is known as...?
Titchner Illusion
263
Who proposed the idea of likelihood principle?
Helmholtz
264
Who proposed a generation of ‘Perceptual hypotheses’?
Richard Gregory
265
What is the generation of ‘Perceptual hypotheses’?
Many illusions explained by stored knowledge leading to inaccurate perceptual hypotheses
266
Many illusions explained by stored knowledge leading to inaccurate perceptual hypotheses
This is known as...?
Generation of ‘Perceptual hypotheses’?
267
Who was the founder member of Experimental Psychology Society?
Richard Gregory
268
The hollow mask illusion explained by our stored knowledge gives the impression that faces are ...?
Convex
269
Why do we see faces as being convex in the hollow mask illusion?
Because of our stored knowledge that faces are convex
270
Which approach to perception highlighted the importance of both bottom-up and top- down processing?
The constructivist approach to perception
271
Which approach to perception was criticised for being vague?
The constructivist approach to perception
272
What are the 3 main differences between the Gestalt approach, Gibson theory, Marr theory and the constructivist approach?
1. Bottom-up vs. Top-down
2. Goal of perception
3. Methods of study
273
What are the 2 limitations of the Gestalt approach, Gibson theory, Marr theory and the constructivist approach?
1. Different interests and focus
2. Poor neuroscience until relatively recently
274
Select that apply
Bottom up approach only
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
c. Marr
275
Select that apply
Top-down approach
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
d. Constructivist
276
Select that apply
Both bottom up and top down approach
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
d. Constructivist
277
Select that apply
Goal: Reconstruction
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
278
Select that apply
Goal: Action
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
279
Select that apply
Methods: Some Experimental/ Lab
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
280
Select that apply
Methods: Experimental/ Outside lab
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
281
Select that apply
Methods: Computational
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
c. Marr
282
Select that apply
Methods: Experimental/ Lab
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
d. Constructivist
283
Select that apply
Key aspect: Perceptual Hypotheses and stored knowledge
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
d. Constructivist
284
Select that apply
Key aspect: Perception as a computational, information processing problem
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
c. Marr
285
Select that apply
Key aspect: Direct Perception for action
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
286
Select that apply
Key aspect: Sum more than parts, laws of perceptual organisation
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
287
Select that apply
Criticism: Vague: how are hypotheses generated?
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
d. Constructivist
288
Select that apply
Criticism: No role for top down
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
c. Marr
289
Select that apply
Criticism: Vague: how information picked up and processed
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
290
Select that apply
Criticism: Descriptive rather than explanatory
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
291
Laws of perceptual
organisation
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
a. Gestalt
292
Ecological approach
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
293
Ambient optic array
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
294
Invariants
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
295
Affordance
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
b. Gibson
296
- Grey-level description
– Primal sketch
– 2 1⁄2 D sketch
– 3D object-centred description
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
c. Marr
297
Unconscious inference
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
d. Constructivist
298
Perceptual hypotheses
a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist
d. Constructivist
