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YEAR 2 Perception > Theories of visual perception > Flashcards

Theories of visual perception Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the perception of form and organisation important?

A

Environment contains hundreds of overlapping objects

Yet perceptual experience is of structured, coherent objects which we can recognise, use and usually name

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2
Q

What are the features of the back of the retina?

List 3 points

A
  1. The distribution of receptors are at the back of the retina’
  2. Receptors are not evenly distributed
  3. Fovea (where receptors are densely packed), where you see an image of sharp focus and where you see images in colour
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3
Q

Where you see an image of sharp focus and where you see images in colour

This is known as…?

A

The fovea

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4
Q

Where receptors are densely packed

This is known as…?

A

The fovea

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5
Q

What can the fovea see?

A

See an image of sharp focus and images in colour

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6
Q

____ half of the visual field projects onto the right of the brain

a. Right
b. Left

A

b. Left

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7
Q

Left half of the visual field projects onto the _____ of the brain

a. Right
b. Left

A

a. Right

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8
Q

_____ half of the visual field projects onto the left of the brain

a. Right
b. Left

A

a. Right

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9
Q

Right half of the visual field projects onto the ____ of the brain

a. Right
b. Left

A

b. Left

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10
Q

True or False?

There are even amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array

A

False

There are uneven amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array

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11
Q

There are uneven amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array

Where is the visual cortex most devoted to?

A

The fovea

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12
Q

More of the visual cortex is devoted to the fovea where there’s …?

A

The most amount of receptors

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13
Q

There are uneven amounts or volumes of the visual cortex devoted to different parts of the visual array

Where is the visual cortex least devoted to?

A

The periphery

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14
Q

True or False?

The retina is curved

A

True

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15
Q

True or False?

The lens always stays still

A

False

The lens is constantly moving and being updated

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16
Q

The lens is constantly moving and being updated

How often does this happen?

A

50 times a second

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17
Q

What moves and updates 50 times a second?

A

The lens

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18
Q

Interpretation of a sensation is called …?

A

Perception

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19
Q

What is perception?

A

Interpretation of a sensation

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20
Q

True or False?

Receptors are evenly distributed

A

False

Receptors are unevenly distributed

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21
Q

The images we see are…?

List 4 points

A
  1. Inverted
  2. Tiny
  3. Curved
  4. Flat
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22
Q

The image we see is inverted, tiny, curved and flat

Why?

A

To compensate for eye movement, body movement and object movement

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23
Q

To compensate for eye movement, body movement and object movement

We see images…?

A

Inverted, tiny, curved and flat

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24
Q

True or False?

There are even amounts of cortex devoted to different parts of the visual field

A

False

There are uneven amounts of cortex devoted to different parts of the visual field

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25
Q

True or False?

There is nothing visual about the cortical representation

A

True

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26
Q

There is nothing square about the representation of a square

What does this tell us?

A

There is nothing visual about the cortical representation

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27
Q

What is the homunculus argument /fallacy?

A

There is a ‘little man’ who lives in our brain and sees and controls everything

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28
Q

The means by which information acquired from the environment via the sense organs is transformed into experiences of objects, events, sounds, tastes, etc.

This is known as…?

A

Perception

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29
Q

What is perception?

A

Where information acquired from the environment via the sense organs is transformed into experiences of objects, events, sounds, tastes, etc.

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30
Q

Trying to interpret sensation and come up with some hypothesis about what it is out there in the real world

This is known as…?

A

Distal stimulus

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31
Q

What is a distal stimulus?

A

Trying to interpret sensation and come up with some hypothesis about what it is out there in the real world

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32
Q

When distal stimulus causes sensations on the back of the retina

This is known as…?

A

Proximal stimulus

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33
Q

What is a proximal stimulus?

A

When distal stimulus causes sensations on the back of the retina

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34
Q

When the brain interprets the proximal stimulus and tries to work out what is it out there in the real world that exists

This is known as…?

A

Perceptual experience

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35
Q

What is a perceptual experience?

A

When the brain interprets the proximal stimulus and tries to work out what is it out there in the real world that exists

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36
Q

What is the order of perception/perceptual experience?

List 3 points

A
  1. Distal stimulus (stimulus from the environment)
  2. Proximal stimulus (image you see on the back of the retina)
  3. Perceptual experience (perception of the world)
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37
Q

Stimulus from the environment

a. Distal stimulus
b. Proximal stimulus
c. Perceptual experience

A

a. Distal stimulus

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38
Q

Image you see on the back of the retina

a. Distal stimulus
b. Proximal stimulus
c. Perceptual experience

A

b. Proximal stimulus

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39
Q

Perception of the world

a. Distal stimulus
b. Proximal stimulus
c. Perceptual experience

A

c. Perceptual experience

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40
Q

Why is perception important?

List 2 reasons

A
  1. Our only source of information about world
  2. All other cognitive systems rely on perception
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41
Q

True or False?

Perception is our only source of information about world

A

True

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42
Q

True or False?

All other cognitive systems do not neccesarily rely on perception

A

False

All other cognitive systems rely on perception

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43
Q

What are the sources of energy present in the real world?

List 7

A
  1. Light
  2. Sound
  3. Vibration
  4. Heat
  5. Pressure
  6. Movement
  7. Chemicals
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44
Q

What are the sense organs used to transduce the sources of energy present in the real world?

List 4

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Ears
  3. Nose
  4. Skin
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45
Q

Sense organs are used to transduce the sources of energy present in the real world into…?

A

Electrical signal

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46
Q

What is another term for perception?

A

Qualia

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47
Q

Qualia is known as…?

A

Perception

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48
Q

Describe how sources of energy in the real world can be perceived?

List 3 points

A
  1. The real world has different sources of energy
  2. These are transduced by our sense organs, changing from one form of energy to another (to electrical signals)
  3. The brain tries to perform reverse engineering to work out, what is causing this electrical signal in the real world?

Simply = The brain receives these electric signals and perform perception

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49
Q

What are the 4 theories of visual perception?

A
  1. The Gestalt approach to perception
  2. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception
  3. Marr’s information processing theory of perception
  4. The Constructivist approach to perception
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50
Q

These are the 4 theories of visual perception

  1. The Gestalt approach to perception
  2. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception
  3. Marr’s information processing theory of perception
  4. The Constructivist approach to perception

How do these theories differ? (List 3 points)

A
  1. Bottom-up vs. Top-down processing
  2. Goal of perception
  3. Methods of study
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51
Q

Who proposed an approach to perception as a theory of visual perception?

A

Gestalt

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52
Q

Who proposed the ecological theory of perception as a theory of visual perception?

A

Gibson

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53
Q

Who proposed the information processing theory of perception as a theory of visual perception?

A

Marr

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54
Q

What does Gestalt psychology propose?

A

The whole is greater (different) than the sum of its parts

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55
Q

The whole is greater (different) than the sum of its parts

Which psychology proposes this?

A

Gestalt psychology

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56
Q

Gestalt psychology believes in …?

a. Top-Down Approach
b. Botton-Up Approach

A

a. Top-Down Approach

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57
Q

What are Gestalt psychologists interested in?

List 2 points

A
  1. How we group parts of a stimulus together
  2. The way we separate figure from ground

(SEGREGATION and GROUPING)

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58
Q

Which type of psychology is interested in:

  1. How we group parts of a stimulus together
  2. The way we separate figure from ground

(SEGREGATION and GROUPING)

A

Gestalt psychology

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59
Q

Rejection or reaction to the idea that you had some mechanistic thing where you started with the input to the retina, and you built up levels of processing to eventually end up at visual processing

What was Gestalt psychology trying to argue based on this approach?

A

That something was missing from this approach

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60
Q

What do we often do when we are met with ambiguous figures?

A

We usually change our viewpoint (actively engaging with our environment) if we are looking at something we are unsure about

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61
Q

We usually change our viewpoint (actively engaging with our environment) if we are looking at …?

A

Ambiguous figures

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62
Q

Name 3 individuals who were part of the Gestalt school

A
  1. Max Wertheimer
  2. Kurt Koffka
  3. Wolfgang Kohler
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63
Q

Reaction against Structuralism (Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

Which approach does this apply to?

A

Gestalt approach

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64
Q

Gestalt approach was a reaction against…?

A

Structuralism (Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

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65
Q

Perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to …?

A

Simple individual elements

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66
Q

‘Perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to simple individual elements.’

What did Gestalt approach argue about this?

A

Gestault argued that this ignores the relationship between stimuli

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67
Q

Which approach argues that perception ignores the relationship between stimuli?

A

Gestalt approach

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68
Q

Which approach believes that we don’t see lines and figures but forms and shapes?

A

Gestalt approach

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69
Q

Gestalt approach believes that we don’t see lines and figures but …?

A

Forms and shapes

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70
Q

True or False?

Ambiguity generally arises in the real world

A

False

Ambiguity generally does not arise in the real world

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71
Q

True or False?

We usually see an unstable and ambiguous world

A

False

We usually see a stable and organised world

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72
Q

Ambiguity generally does not arise in the real world. Rather, we usually see a stable and organised world.

Why?

A

Because we engage in it and also because we use certain rules to organise what we perceive these innate rules

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73
Q

Gestalt approach was interested in innate rules

This is…?

a. Top down perspective
b. Bottom up perspective

A

a. Top down perspective

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73
Q

Which approach was interested in innate rules to perception (top down perspective)?

A

Gestalt approach

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74
Q

Most people see a set of overlapping circles, rather than one circle touching two adjoining shapes that have ‘bites’ taken out of them

Why?

A

We see objects according to all their elements taken together as a whole

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75
Q

Which approach argues that we see objects according to all their elements taken together as a whole?

A

Gestalt approach

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76
Q

Which approach sought to isolate principles of perception (innate ‘laws’ which determine way in which objects are perceived)?

A

Gestalt approach

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77
Q

When you look at a bike, you immediately perceive a bike; you don’t recognise a saddle and then some handle bars and then some wheels

Which approach argues this?

A

Gestalt approach

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78
Q

Gestalt view argued that: when you look at a bike, you immediately perceive

a. A whole bike
b. A saddle
c. Some handle bars
d. Some wheels

A

a. A whole bike

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79
Q

What are the 9 Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation?

A
  1. Similarity
  2. Good continuation
  3. Proximity
  4. Connectedness
  5. Closure
  6. Common Fate
  7. Familiarity
  8. Invariance
  9. Prägnanz – “good figure”
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80
Q

What is the similarity Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Similar things appear to be grouped together

Grouping can occur due to shape, lightness, hue, orientation, size

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81
Q

What is the good continuation Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines, are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path

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82
Q

What is the proximity Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Things that are near to one another appear to be grouped together

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83
Q

What is the connectedness Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Things that are physically connected are perceived as a unit

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84
Q

What is the closure Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Of several geometrically possible perceptual organisations, a closed figure will be preferred to an open figure

We tend to ‘complete’ a broken figure because of the Strong closure cue for organising what we see

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85
Q

What is the common fate Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Things that are moving in the same direction are grouped together

Objects with same orientation are grouped together

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86
Q

What is the familiarity Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

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87
Q

What is the invariance Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media

Demonstrates active process, having to interpret your sensations

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88
Q

What is the Prägnanz – “good figure” (figure-ground segregation) Gestalt law of perceptual organisation?

A

We can separate figure from ground

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89
Q

Define Reification

A

More spatial info than is present

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90
Q

More spatial info than is present

This is known as…?

A

Reification

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91
Q

What is the major problem in computer vision?

A

Invariance

We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media

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92
Q

We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media

What does this demonstrate?

A

Active process, having to interpret your sensations

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93
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Similar things appear to be grouped together

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

a. Similarity

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94
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Grouping can occur due to shape, lightness, hue, orientation, size

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

a. Similarity

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95
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines, are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

b. Good continuation

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96
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Things that are near to one another appear to be grouped together

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

c. Proximity

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97
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Things that are physically connected are perceived as a unit

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

d. Connectedness

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98
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Of several geometrically possible perceptual organisations, a closed figure will be preferred to an open figure

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

e. Closure

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99
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

We tend to ‘complete’ a broken figure because of the Strong closure cue for organizing what we see

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

e. Closure

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100
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Things that are moving in the same direction are grouped together

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

f. Common Fate

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101
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Objects with same orientation are grouped together

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

f. Common Fate

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102
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

g. Familiarity

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103
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

We can recognise objects from different orientations , even when they’re distorted or are presented in different media

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

h. Invariance

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104
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

A major Problem in Computer vision

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

h. Invariance

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105
Q

Which Gestalt law of perceptual organisation does this apply to?

Figure-Ground Segregation

a. Similarity
b. Good continuation
c. Proximity
d. Connectedness
e. Closure
f. Common Fate
g. Familiarity
h. Invariance
i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

A

i. Prägnanz – “good figure”

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106
Q

What does figure-ground segregation look like in the real world?

A

Normally in a visual scene, some objects (figures) seem prominent, and other aspects of field recede into the background (ground)

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107
Q

Is this a figure or a ground?

Objects

a. Figure
b. Ground

A

a. Figure

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108
Q

Is this a figure or a ground?

Background

a. Figure
b. Ground

A

b. Ground

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109
Q

Is this a figure or a ground?

Lecturer

a. Figure
b. Ground

A

a. Figure

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110
Q

Is this a figure or a ground?

A room

a. Figure
b. Ground

A

b. Ground

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111
Q

Why is the Gestalt approach interested in Figure-Ground segregation?

A

Because it infers top- down process

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112
Q

What are the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)?

List 5

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Convexity
  3. Area
  4. Orientation
  5. Meaning/Importance
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113
Q

Symmetry is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)

What does it mean?

A

Symmetrical areas are usually viewed as figures

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114
Q

Convexity is one of the properties that affect whether area seen as figure or ground are (Figure-Ground segregation)

What does it mean?

A

Convex shapes are usually viewed as figures

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115
Q

Area is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)

What does it mean?

A

Stimuli with a comparatively smaller area are usually viewed as figures

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116
Q

Orientation is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)

What does it mean?

A

Vertical and horizontal orientations are usually viewed as figures

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117
Q

Meaning/Importance is one of the properties that affect whether the area is seen as a figure or ground (Figure-Ground segregation)

What does it mean?

A

Meaningful objects are more likely to be viewed as figures

This implies attention (top-down)

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118
Q

Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?

Symmetrical areas are usually viewed as figures

a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance

A

a. Symmetry

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119
Q

Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?

Convex shapes are usually viewed as figures

a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance

A

b. Convexity

120
Q

Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?

Stimuli with a comparatively smaller area are usually viewed as figures

a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance

A

c. Area

121
Q

Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?

Vertical and horizontal orientations are usually viewed as figures

a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance

A

d. Orientation

122
Q

Which Figure-Ground segregation property does this apply to?

Meaningful objects are more likely to be viewed as figures

a. Symmetry
b. Convexity
c. Area
d. Orientation
e. Meaning/Importance

A

e. Meaning/Importance

123
Q

Meaningful objects are more likely to be viewed as figures

What does this imply?

A

This implies attention (top-down)

124
Q

What are the 5 problems with the Gestalt approach?

A
  1. Underplay the parallel processing and unconscious processing that the brain does
  2. Explanation of how some of their laws worked was wrong
  3. Their laws provide a description of how things work rather than an explanation
  4. Their laws are ill defined – Prägnanz – what is the simplest and most stable shape?
  5. Stating the obvious
125
Q

What did Gibson’s ecological theory of perception believe about perception?

A

Perception is ‘direct’

126
Q

According to Gibson’s ecological theory of perception, rich information received are …?

A

Sufficient for interaction with environment

127
Q

What did Gibson’s ecological theory of perception believe about complex cognitive processes?

A

Complex cognitive processes are unnecessary

128
Q

What were the 2 main arguments of Gibson’s ecological theory of perception?

A
  1. Bottom Up approach
  2. Ecological
129
Q

According to Gibson’s ecological theory of perception, perception involves a bottom-up approach

What did they argue? (List 3 points)

A
  1. Perception is ‘direct’
  2. Rich information received sufficient for interaction with environment
  3. Complex cognitive processes unnecessary
130
Q

Believes motion and moving around is a major component of visual perception

Who believed this?

A

Gibson

131
Q

Gibson believes motion and moving around is a major component of visual perception

How did he study perception?

A

Studied in natural environments, not the lab (no 2D displays)

132
Q

How did Gibson’s ideas evolved?

List 4 points

A
  1. As a child his father took him on train rides
  2. Intrigued by the way the world flowed and expanded towards him, and contracted and flowed away behind him – Optic Flow
  3. In later life applied this to pilot training
  4. Notice it is active, movement of the observer provides additional stream of information
133
Q

Define optic flow

A

When the world flows and expands towards you, and contracts and flows away behind you

134
Q

When the world flows and expands towards you, and contracts and flows away behind you

This is known as…?

A

Optic flow

135
Q

What is Ambient Optic Array?

A

Information coming into your eye

136
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of Ambient Optic Array?

A
  1. Structure of light reflected by textured surfaces
  2. Changes due to observer movement (as you move around, the image on the back of the retina changes)
137
Q
  1. Structure of light reflected by textured surfaces
  2. Changes due to observer movement (as you move around, the image on the back of the retina changes)

These are characteristics of…?

A

Ambient Optic Array

138
Q

Bottom Up approach

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory

139
Q

Top-down approach

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

b. Gestalt approach

140
Q

Sufficient information in the retinal array

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory

141
Q

Perception is ‘direct’ – not different from sensation

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory

142
Q

Retinal image provides rich information sufficient for interaction

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory

143
Q

Complex cognitive processes unnecessary

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory

144
Q

Ecological – study in natural environments not labs – and allow movement

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory

145
Q

Underplay the parallel processing and unconscious processing that the brain does

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

b. Gestalt approach

146
Q

Their laws provide a description of how things work rather than an explanation

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

b. Gestalt approach

147
Q

Their laws are ill defined – Prägnanz – what is the simplest and most stable shape?

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

b. Gestalt approach

148
Q

Stating the obvious

a. Gibson’s Ecological Theory
b. Gestalt approach

A

b. Gestalt approach

149
Q

What are invariants?

A

Unambiguous information about environment

It can be directly perceived
– e.g.(1) Horizon ratio relation

150
Q

Unambiguous information about environment

It can be directly perceived
– e.g.(1) Horizon ratio relation

This is known as…?

A

Invariants

151
Q

Proportion of object above
horizon is constant with changes in distance but not size

This is known as…?

A

Horizon ratio

152
Q

Proportion of object above
horizon is constant with changes in _____ but not_____

A
  1. distance
  2. size
153
Q

Proportion of object ____
horizon is constant with changes in distance but not size

a. Below
b. Above

A

b. Above

154
Q

The proportion of the object above and below the horizon line is constant for objects of the same size standing on the same ground

This is known as…?

A

Horizon ratio

155
Q

The proportion of the object above and below the horizon line is constant for objects of …?

A

The same size standing on the same ground

156
Q

If we have regular objects that were receding away from us, their proportion of their overall height that’s above the environment is…?

A

The same, regardless of the distance

157
Q

What are the 2 types of invariants?

A
  1. Horizon ratio relation
  2. Texture gradients
158
Q

What are texture gradients?

A

Texture changes depending on its orientation and its distance from you

159
Q

Texture changes depending on its orientation and its distance from you

This is known as…?

A

Texture gradients

160
Q

Changes in texture in the optic array tell us about _____, ______ and ______

A
  1. distance
  2. orientation
  3. curvature of surfaces
161
Q

The finer the gradient, the _______ the objects are

a. Further away

b. Closer

A

a. Further away

162
Q

The courser the gradient, the ________ the objects are

a. Further away

b. Closer

A

b. Closer

163
Q

The _____ the gradient, the further away the objects are

a. courser
b. finer

A

b. finer

164
Q

The _____ the gradient, the closer the objects are

a. courser
b. finer

A

a. courser

165
Q

Texture becomes smaller/finer as distance increases

This is known as…?

A

Texture gradient

166
Q

Texture becomes smaller/finer as distance __

a. increases
b. decreases
c. does not change

A

a. increases

167
Q

Describe Gibson & Bridgeman’s (1987) findings on invariants

List 2 points

A
  1. Participants could correctly identify objects, state their colour, identify the lighting conditions and the objects spatial orientations just from black and white photos of object surfaces
  2. The average subject identified about two- thirds of the photographs correctly
168
Q

True or False?

Participants could not correctly identify objects, state their colour, identify the lighting conditions and the objects spatial orientations from black and white photos of object surfaces

A

False

Participants could correctly identify objects, state their colour, identify the lighting conditions and the objects spatial orientations just from black and white photos of object surfaces

169
Q

Describe Gibson & Bridgeman’s (1987) study on invariants

List 5 points

A
  1. “What substance or material is this composed of?” (free response)
  2. “Is it gaseous, liquid, or solid?” (3 choices)
  3. (If answer was “solid” on number 2) “Could you bend, deform, or change this surface with your finger?”
    (2 choices)
  4. “Is the surface planar (flat, smooth) or uneven?” (2 choices)
  5. “Does everything in the picture have the same pigmentation (colored or black-white substance)?” (2 choices) “Is the lighting diffuse, or does most of it come from one direction?” (2 choices)

(If answer was “directional” on number 6) “What direc- tion is the light coming from?” (8 choices: the 4 edges and 4 corners of the photographs)

“On the box below, circle the edge or corner of the pic-
ture which seems closest to you. If all parts seem equally close, circle the whole box.” (9 choices: 4 edges, 4 corners, or the whole photograph)

170
Q

True or False?

Motion is not important to perceive invariant information

A

False

Motion is very important/ necessary in order to perceive invariant information

171
Q

Motion very important/ necessary in order to perceive invariant information

Why?

A

In a static scene everything is invariant, so it is useful to introduce motion to highlight the invariant properties

172
Q

In a static scene everything is _____

A

Invariant

173
Q

In a static scene everything is invariant

How can we highlight the invariant properties?

A

Introduce motion

174
Q

What are the 2 types of motion?

A
  1. Motion due to observer movements
  2. Motion due to object movement
175
Q

What type of motion/movement did Gibson’s ecological theory of perception focus on?

A

Motion due to observer movements

176
Q

Gibson’s ecological theory of perception focussed on motion due to observer movements

Why? List 2 points

A
  1. It generates large changes in the ambient optic array
  2. Gibson was interested in what these changes can tell us about the environment
177
Q

Define motion parallax

A

Things far away move more slowly than things nearby

178
Q

Things far away move more slowly than things nearby

This is known as…?

A

Motion parallax

179
Q

According to motion parallax, speed of movement tells us about …?

A

The distance to object from us

180
Q

According to motion parallax, ______ tells us about distance to object

A

Speed of movement

181
Q

Observer movement generates large changes in ambient optic array

This is known as…?

A

Motion parallax

182
Q

Observer movement generates large changes in _____

A

Ambient optic array

183
Q

______ generates large changes in ambient optic array

A

Observer movement

184
Q

As an observer moves relative to a 3-D scene, nearby objects appear to move rapidly whereas far objects appear to move slowly

This is an example of…?

A

Motion parallax

185
Q

As an observer moves relative to a 3-D scene, nearby objects appear to ____

a. Move rapidly
b. Move slowly
c. Freeze
d. Blink

A

a. Move rapidly

186
Q

As an observer moves relative to a 3-D scene, far objects appear to _____

a. Move rapidly
b. Move slowly
c. Freeze
d. Blink

A

b. Move slowly

187
Q

Monocular cue to depth is known as…?

A

Motion parallax

188
Q

What does motion parallax depend on?

List 2 things

A
  1. Relative direction
  2. Amount of motion
189
Q

Things closest to you go by very quickly and those that are furthest away go very slowly when you’re on a moving train

This is known as…?

A

Motion parallax

190
Q

Motion Parallax is used more by …?

A

Animals that don’t have much binocular overlap

191
Q

How can we increase motion parallax cue?

List 2 ways

A
  1. Head bob
  2. Orthogonal running
192
Q

What is optical Flow (expansion)?

A

Combination of parallax and retinal size

193
Q

Combination of parallax and retinal size

This is known as…?

A

Optical Flow (expansion)

194
Q

Horizontal lines are painted on the road, becoming
closer together as driver approach junctions

These markings are often seen on the exit roads from motorways and serve to create the illusion of increasing speed, which causes the driver to slow down before joining a non- motorway road

This is an example of…?

A

Optic flow

195
Q

Describe a practical implication of Gibson’s Optic Flow Ideas

List 2 points

A
  1. Horizontal lines are painted on the road, becoming closer together as driver approach junctions
  2. These markings are often seen on the exit roads from motorways and serve to create the illusion of increasing speed, which causes the driver to slow down before joining a non- motorway road
196
Q

Optic flow is a very strong cue for ____ and _____

A
  1. Speed
  2. Orientation
197
Q

By moving, we are introducing more ____

A

Information in terms of the visual system

198
Q

How can we introduce more information in terms of the visual system?

A

By moving

199
Q

Define affordance

A

Opportunity for action

What the surface/ object offers the animal

200
Q

Opportunity for action

What the surface/ object offers the animal

This is known as…?

A

Affordance

201
Q

If you’re trying to design an object, you may try and emphasise what that object affords

e.g. what are you able to do with it, can it be grasped, eaten, sat upon?

This is known as…?

A

Affordance

202
Q

What does affordance tell us about perception?

A

Memory and experience not necessary to perceive things (bottom-up)

203
Q

Which approach highlighted important information in retinal image for perceiving depth and distance?

A

Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception

204
Q

Which approach claims that perception is “direct” - no role for cognition in perception?

A

Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception

205
Q

Which approach emphasised importance of action as goal of perception?

A

Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception

206
Q

What are the 3 criticisms of Gibson’s ecological theory of
perception?

A
  1. Vague? = How is this information picked up?
  2. Ignores top-down = i.e. experience and memory
  3. Ignores neuroscience
207
Q

What are the 4 stages of image analysis according to Marr’s information processing approach to perception?

A
  1. Grey level description
  2. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
  3. 21⁄2D sketch
  4. 3D object-centred description
208
Q
  1. Grey level description
  2. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)
  3. 21⁄2D sketch
  4. 3D object-centred description

These are the 4 stages of image analysis according to…?

A

Marr’s information processing approach to perception

209
Q

Marr’s information processing approach to perception emphasised a …

a. Bottom-up approach
b. Top-down approach

A

a. Bottom-up

210
Q

Bottom-up but emphasised computational nature of perception

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr

A

c. Marr

211
Q

Marr’s information processing approach to perception is bottom-up but emphasised …?

A

Computational nature of perception

212
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Representation of objects independent of observer

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

d. 3D object-centred description

213
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Measuring intensity of light at. each point in image

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

a. Grey level description

214
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Representation of contrast change (blobs, edges, bars etc) over range of spatial frequencies)

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

215
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Representation of orientation, depth, colour relative to the observer

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

c. 21⁄2D sketch

216
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Black and white representation of the retinal image and examining that for abrupt changes in contrast (where edges in objects are)

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

a. Grey level description

217
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

The intensity of light is measured at each point on the retina

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

a. Grey level description

218
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Produced by activation of retinal photoreceptors

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

a. Grey level description

219
Q

What is grey level description?

List 2 points

A
  1. The intensity of light is measured at each point on the retina
  2. Produced by activation of retinal photoreceptors
220
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Goal: Identify object edges

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

221
Q

What is the goal of raw primal sketch?

A

Identify object edges

222
Q

What is the process of raw primal sketch?

List 3 points

A
  1. Gaussian blurring
  2. Identify intensity changes
  3. Assign primitives
223
Q

One of the processes of raw primal sketch is Gaussian blurring

What happens in this process?

A

Blur images to different degrees

224
Q

One of the processes of raw primal sketch is identify intensity changes

What happens in this process?

A

Those present at more than 2 levels of blurring

225
Q

One of the processes of raw primal sketch is assign primitives

What happens in this process?

A

4 types of intensity change:
1. Edge-segment
2. Bar
3. Termination
4. Blob

226
Q

Which raw primal sketch process does this apply to?

Blur images to
different degrees

a. Gaussian blurring
b. Identify intensity changes
c. Assign primitives

A

a. Gaussian blurring

227
Q

Which raw primal sketch process does this apply to?

Those present at more than 2 levels of blurring

a. Gaussian blurring
b. Identify intensity changes
c. Assign primitives

A

b. Identify intensity changes

228
Q

Which raw primal sketch process does this apply to?

4 types of intensity change:
1. Edge-segment
2. Bar
3. Termination
4. Blob

a. Gaussian blurring
b. Identify intensity changes
c. Assign primitives

A

c. Assign primitives

229
Q

How can we assign primitives? List 4 ways

A
  1. Edge-segment
  2. Bar
  3. Termination
  4. Blob
230
Q

What are the 4 types of intensity change?

A
  1. Edge-segment
  2. Bar
  3. Termination
  4. Blob
231
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Goal: Identify object outline

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

232
Q

What are the 2 types of primal sketch

A
  1. Raw
  2. Full
233
Q

What is the goal of full primal sketch?

A

Identify object outline

234
Q

What is the process of full primal sketch?

List 2 points

A
  1. Group primitives together and assign place token
  2. Place tokens can be grouped to form higher-order place tokens

– Grouping based on clustering (like Gestalt proximity) and curvilinear aggregation (like Gestalt good continuation)

235
Q

Place tokens can be grouped to form higher-order place tokens

What are the 2 ways we can group tokens?

A
  1. Grouping based on clustering (like Gestalt proximity)
  2. Grouping based on curvilinear aggregation (like Gestalt good continuation)
236
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Primal Sketch combined with depth cues, colour, motion

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

c. 21⁄2D sketch

237
Q

What is 2 1/2 D sketch?

A

Primal Sketch combined with depth cues, colour, motion

238
Q

Why is 2 1/2 D sketch not 3D?

A

Because it is observer- orientated

(unseen parts of scene and objects)

239
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

2 1/2 sketch analyzed for 3D volume primitives (cylinders, cones, cubes etc)

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

d. 3D object-centred description

240
Q

What is 3D representation?

A

2 1/2 sketch analyzed for 3D volume primitives (cylinders, cones, cubes etc)

Produces 3D representation that is independent of observer

241
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Produces 3D representation that is independent of observer

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

d. 3D object-centred description

242
Q

Which stage of image analysis does this apply to?

Conscious experience of vision

a. Grey level description

b. Primal sketch (Raw and Full)

c. 21⁄2D sketch

d. 3D object-centred description

A

d. 3D object-centred description

243
Q

What is the importance of the Computational Approach?

List 2

A
  1. An algorithm/ rule/ system is more likely to be understood by understanding the problem that has to be solved, rather than the examining the mechanism (and hardware) in which it is embodied (AI arguments)
  2. To understand perception (purely) by studying neurons is like trying to understand bird flight by studying only feathers
244
Q

An algorithm/ rule/ system is more likely to be understood by understanding the problem that has to be solved, rather than …?

A

The examining the mechanism (and hardware) in which it is embodied (AI arguments)

245
Q

An algorithm/ rule/ system is more likely to be understood by …?

A

Understanding the problem that has to be solved

246
Q

Trying to understand perception (purely) by studying neurons is like trying to understand bird flight by studying …?

A

Only feathers

247
Q
  • Bottom-up approach
  • Computational
  • Biologically plausible

Which approach to perception is this?

A

Marr’s information processing approach to perception

248
Q

What is the main criticism of Marr’s information processing approach to perception?

A

Retinal image not always sufficient to allow reconstruction…role of memory and experience?

249
Q

Retinal image not always sufficient to allow reconstruction…role of memory and experience?

Which approach to perception does this criticism apply to?

A

Marr’s information processing approach to perception

250
Q

What is the constructivist approach to perception?

A
  1. Retinal image does not provide sufficient information
  2. Perception depends upon stored knowledge (memory) and experience
251
Q

Retinal image does not provide sufficient information

Which approach to perception does this apply to?

A

The constructivist approach to perception

252
Q

Perception depends upon stored knowledge (memory) and experience

Which approach to perception does this apply to?

A

The constructivist approach to perception

253
Q

Who proposed the idea of unconscious inference?

A

Helmholtz

254
Q

Who is the main guy behind the constructivist approach to perception?

A

Helmholtz

255
Q

What 2 things did Helmholtz propose for the constructivist approach to perception?

A
  1. Unconscious inference
  2. Likelihood principle
256
Q

What is unconscious inference?

A

Involuntary, pre-rational and reflex-like mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions

257
Q

Involuntary, pre-rational and reflex-like mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions

This is known as…?

A

Unconscious Inference

258
Q

What are the 2 types of fixed unconscious neural processing?

A
  1. Illusions: impervious to experience
  2. Naïve optics (e.g. movement of sun in the sky)
259
Q

True or False?

Interpretation is so hardwired into your brain that knowledge of the world around you does not help much

e.g. you see this illusion as a distorted square, even though you know that it is just an illusion

A

True

260
Q
  1. Illusions: impervious to experience
  2. Naïve optics (e.g. movement of sun in the sky)

These are the 2 types of…?

A

Fixed unconscious neural processing

261
Q

Define the Titchner Illusion

A

Brain over emphasizes size differences in grouping and separating objects

262
Q

Brain over emphasizes size differences in grouping and separating objects

This is known as…?

A

Titchner Illusion

263
Q

Who proposed the idea of likelihood principle?

A

Helmholtz

264
Q

Who proposed a generation of ‘Perceptual hypotheses’?

A

Richard Gregory

265
Q

What is the generation of ‘Perceptual hypotheses’?

A

Many illusions explained by stored knowledge leading to inaccurate perceptual hypotheses

266
Q

Many illusions explained by stored knowledge leading to inaccurate perceptual hypotheses

This is known as…?

A

Generation of ‘Perceptual hypotheses’?

267
Q

Who was the founder member of Experimental Psychology Society?

A

Richard Gregory

268
Q

The hollow mask illusion explained by our stored knowledge gives the impression that faces are …?

A

Convex

269
Q

Why do we see faces as being convex in the hollow mask illusion?

A

Because of our stored knowledge that faces are convex

270
Q

Which approach to perception highlighted the importance of both bottom-up and top- down processing?

A

The constructivist approach to perception

271
Q

Which approach to perception was criticised for being vague?

A

The constructivist approach to perception

272
Q

What are the 3 main differences between the Gestalt approach, Gibson theory, Marr theory and the constructivist approach?

A
  1. Bottom-up vs. Top-down
  2. Goal of perception
  3. Methods of study
273
Q

What are the 2 limitations of the Gestalt approach, Gibson theory, Marr theory and the constructivist approach?

A
  1. Different interests and focus
  2. Poor neuroscience until relatively recently
274
Q

Select that apply

Bottom up approach only

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson
c. Marr

275
Q

Select that apply

Top-down approach

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt
d. Constructivist

276
Q

Select that apply

Both bottom up and top down approach

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt
d. Constructivist

277
Q

Select that apply

Goal: Reconstruction

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

278
Q

Select that apply

Goal: Action

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

279
Q

Select that apply

Methods: Some Experimental/ Lab

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt

280
Q

Select that apply

Methods: Experimental/ Outside lab

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

281
Q

Select that apply

Methods: Computational

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

c. Marr

282
Q

Select that apply

Methods: Experimental/ Lab

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

d. Constructivist

283
Q

Select that apply

Key aspect: Perceptual Hypotheses and stored knowledge

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

d. Constructivist

284
Q

Select that apply

Key aspect: Perception as a computational, information processing problem

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

c. Marr

285
Q

Select that apply

Key aspect: Direct Perception for action

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

286
Q

Select that apply

Key aspect: Sum more than parts, laws of perceptual organisation

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt

287
Q

Select that apply

Criticism: Vague: how are hypotheses generated?

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

d. Constructivist

288
Q

Select that apply

Criticism: No role for top down

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

c. Marr

289
Q

Select that apply

Criticism: Vague: how information picked up and processed

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

290
Q

Select that apply

Criticism: Descriptive rather than explanatory

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt

291
Q

Laws of perceptual
organisation

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

a. Gestalt

292
Q

Ecological approach

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

293
Q

Ambient optic array

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

294
Q

Invariants

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

295
Q

Affordance

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

b. Gibson

296
Q
  • Grey-level description
    – Primal sketch
    – 2 1⁄2 D sketch
    – 3D object-centred description

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

c. Marr

297
Q

Unconscious inference

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

d. Constructivist

298
Q

Perceptual hypotheses

a. Gestalt
b. Gibson
c. Marr
d. Constructivist

A

d. Constructivist

YEAR 2 Perception (6 decks)

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