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YEAR 2 Perception > Depth Perception > Flashcards

Depth Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Why is depth perception important?

A

3D perception is vital for interacting with the
world and recognising objects

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2
Q

Why is depth perception a problem?

A

How do we obtain a 3D
percept from two 2D
images on the retina?

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3
Q

Define the inverse problem

A

Any retinal image is consistent with infinitely
many possible configurations of the world

simply = The challenge of determining the objects and properties in the environment that produced a particular sensory input

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4
Q

Any retinal image is consistent with infinitely
many possible configurations of the world

simply = The challenge of determining the objects and properties in the environment that produced a particular sensory input

This is known as…?

A

The inverse problem

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5
Q

There are multiple sources of 3D information

List 4 types of 3D cues

A
  1. Binocular
  2. Motion
  3. Pictorial
  4. Oculomotor
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6
Q
  1. Binocular
  2. Motion
  3. Pictorial
  4. Oculomotor

What cues are these?

A

3D cues

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7
Q

Define binocular disparity

A

We have 2 eyes and each eye produces a different retinal image each

We have 2 different retinal images due to different views

Brain puts those 2 retinal images together, to see things in 3D

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8
Q

We have 2 eyes and each eye produces a different retinal image each

We have 2 different retinal images due to different views

Brain puts those 2 retinal images together, to see things in 3D

This is known as…?

A

Binocular disparity

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9
Q

Define motion cues

A

As we move, bits of the world move with our retina at different rates

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10
Q

As we move, bits of the world move with our retina at different rates

This is known as…?

A

Motion cues

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11
Q

What is motion parallax

A

Things in the distance move slowly in the retinal image to tell us about how far away things are

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12
Q

What is kinetic depth (KDE)

A

Due to object motion, bits at the side will move slower, bits in the middle will move faster and a lot more

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13
Q

Due to object motion, bits at the side will move slower, bits in the middle will move faster and a lot more

This is known as…?

A

kinetic depth (KDE)

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14
Q

Things in the distance move slowly in the retinal image to tell us about how far away things are

This is known as…?

A

Motion parallax

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15
Q

What are the 6 types of pictorial cues?

A
  1. Texture
  2. Elevation
  3. Relative size
  4. Perspective
  5. Shading
  6. Occlusion
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16
Q

What is occlusion pictorial cue?

A

If one object block the view of another object, it is closer to us

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17
Q

What is perspective pictorial cue?

A

Lines that are converging tend to move away from us

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of oculomotor cues?

A
  1. Convergence
  2. Accomodation
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19
Q

Lens changes shape to focus light into the retinal image

Fatter lens:

a. To focus on things far from you

b. To focus on things close to you

A

b. To focus on things close to you

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20
Q

Do our eyes converge more or less when the object is near?

A

More

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21
Q

Do our eyes converge more or less when the object is far?

A

Less

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22
Q

How do our eyes accommodate for a near object?

A

Lens becomes fatter

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23
Q

How do our eyes accommodate for a far object?

A

Lens becomes thinner

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24
Q

If we have so many different cues to depth what is the problem?

List 2 problems

A
  1. Many cues are ambiguous - 2D image compatible with infinite 3D worlds
  2. With multiple cues available – how do we
    perceive a single unified world?
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25
Q

Many of the 3D cues (particularly the ____
cues) are ambiguous

A

Pictorial

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26
Q

The retinal image of ambiguity in perspective could have been created by 3 types of cues

image = a train track (parallel lines that look like they are converging at a distance) is a 2D retinal image

What are they?

A
  1. Parallel lines in the world receding away from you (e.g. A)
  2. Converging lines that are a constant distance from you (e.g. B)
  3. Infinite other 3D stimuli
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27
Q

The retinal image of ambiguity in shading could have been created by 3 types of cues

image = circle with a lighter top and darker bottom (shading)

What are they?

A
  1. A convex object that is lit from above (A)
  2. A concave object lit from below (B)
  3. It could be a flat surface with a pattern of light and
    dark greys painted on it
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28
Q

Many of the 3D cues (particularly the pictorial
cues) are ambiguous

How do we overcome this ambiguity?

A

By using prior knowledge, or prior assumptions, to interpret the image

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29
Q

We can overcome ambiguity in depth perception by using prior knowledge, or prior assumptions, to interpret the image

How are these assumptions gained?

A

Through our knowledge and experience of the physical
properties of the world

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30
Q

We can overcome ambiguity in depth perception by using prior knowledge, or prior assumptions, to interpret the image

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?

A

Top-down processing

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31
Q

We can overcome ambiguity in depth perception by using prior knowledge, or prior assumptions, to interpret the image

What approach to vision does this type of processing support?

A

Constructivist approach, we draw out knowledge about the world to make sense of things

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32
Q

We grew up in a world full of parallel lines, so we often interpret parallel lines as…?

A

Moving away from us

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33
Q

True or False?

We make the assumption
that lines in the world tend to be parallel

A

True

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34
Q

True or False?

We make the assumption that light comes from below

A

False

We make the assumption that light comes from above

e.g. At home, lights are on the ceiling, sunlight comes from above

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35
Q

The higher up the object looks in the image, the ___ it is from us

a. Closer
b. Further

A

b. Further

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36
Q

How do we resolve ambiguity in elevation?

A

We assume the object rests on a ground plane (parallel to the ground)

We grew up in the world with gravity, everything rests on a ground plane

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37
Q

The retinal image of ambiguity in elevation could have been created by 2 types of cues

What are they?

A
  1. Objects sitting on a surface (A)
  2. Objects floating in the air (B)
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38
Q

This retinal image could have been created by:

  1. Objects sitting on a surface (A)
  2. Objects floating in the air (B)

What type of ambiguous retinal image does this apply to?

a. Ambiguity in elevation
b. Ambiguity in perspective
c. Ambiguity in shading

A

a. Ambiguity in elevation

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39
Q

This retinal image could have been created by:

  1. Parallel lines in the world receding away from you (e.g. A)
  2. Converging lines that are a constant distance from you (e.g. B)
  3. Infinite other 3D stimuli

What type of ambiguous retinal image does this apply to?

a. Ambiguity in elevation
b. Ambiguity in perspective
c. Ambiguity in shading

A

b. Ambiguity in perspective

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40
Q

This retinal image could have been created by:

  1. Aconvex object that is lit from above (A)
  2. A concave object lit from below (B)
  3. A flat surface with a pattern of light and dark greys painted on it

What type of ambiguous retinal image does this apply to?

a. Ambiguity in elevation
b. Ambiguity in perspective
c. Ambiguity in shading

A

c. Ambiguity in shading

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41
Q

We assume the object rests on a ground plane (parallel to the ground)

We grew up in the world with gravity, everything rests on a ground plane

We use this assumption/knowledge to resolve what type of ambiguity?

a. Ambiguity in shading
b. Ambiguity in perspective
c. Ambiguity in elevation

A

c. Ambiguity in elevation

42
Q

We make the assumption that light comes from above

e.g. At home, lights are on the ceiling, sunlight comes from above

We use this assumption/knowledge to resolve what type of ambiguity?

a. Ambiguity in shading
b. Ambiguity in perspective
c. Ambiguity in elevation

A

a. Ambiguity in shading

43
Q

We make the assumption
that lines in the world tend to be parallel

We grew up in a world full of parallel lines, so we often interpret parallel lines as moving away from us

We use this assumption/knowledge to resolve what type of ambiguity?

a. Ambiguity in shading
b. Ambiguity in perspective
c. Ambiguity in elevation

A

b. Ambiguity in perspective

44
Q

True or False?

Assumptions are always accurate

A

False

Assumptions can lead to errors

45
Q

What is the term used for errors made by assumptions to resolve ambiguous retinal images?

A

Perceptual errors (illusions)

46
Q

List 2 types of perceptual errors (illusions) that resulted from making erroneous assumptions

A
  1. Ames room
  2. Convex illusion
47
Q

What is the ames room illusion?

A

A room that is built with both the floor and ceiling at an angle, creating forced perspective and tricking your eye into thinking both sides of the room are the same

Person in the left corner of the room looks tiny compared to the person standing in the right corner of the room

48
Q

A room that is built with both the floor and ceiling at an angle, creating forced perspective and tricking your eye into thinking both sides of the room are the same

Person in the left corner of the room looks tiny compared to the person standing in the right corner of the room

This is known as…?

A

Ames room

49
Q

Why do we experience the Ames room illusion?

A

We make assumptions that the room is like any other regularly shaped room so the walls and floors are parallel or at right angles to each other

50
Q

When we view the Ames room we assume lines are
____ or ____, however this is not the case

A

Parallel or at right-angles

51
Q

What causes the illusion in the Ames room?

A

The perspective assumption of parallel lines is invalid

52
Q

What is the convex illusion?

A

When a concave image (e.g. a footprint on mud) looks convex (e.g. like a bump/hill)

53
Q

When a concave image (e.g. a footprint on mud) looks convex (e.g. like a bump/hill)

This is known as…?

A

Convex illusion

54
Q

A footprint looks convex (a hill) even though it is concave

What causes this illusion?

A

Because we assume light comes from above

The image is concave but light is coming from below

55
Q

An ammonite looks convex (a hill) even though it is concave because we assume …?

A

Light comes from above

Instead, it is concave but light is coming from below

56
Q

Many of the 3D cues (particularly the pictorial
cues) are ambiguous

We can overcome this ambiguity by using
…?

A

Prior assumptions based on physical properties of the world

57
Q

In situations where our assumptions are not valid we will make …?

A

Perceptual errors

58
Q

What is multi-cue perception?

A

When we are exposed to multiple cues in real-world scenes

59
Q

When we are exposed to multiple cues in real-world scenes

This is known as…?

A

Multi-cue perception

60
Q

How do we achieve a single unified concept when we are exposed to multiple cues at once?

A

The cues must be integrated (combined)

61
Q

What problems can cue integration (combining cues) overcome?

List 3

A
  1. Reliability
  2. Ambiguity
  3. Conflict
62
Q

What are the 3 types of multi-cue integration?

A
  1. Compromise
  2. Dominance
  3. Interaction
63
Q

Image being blindfolded and trying to shoot a hoop in basketball

Since your eyesight is blocked, you rely on your two friends behind you to provide an estimate of the distance from where you are standing and where the hoop is

Describe how you would use compromise integration on the multiple cues given by your two friends

A

You would take the average between the two friends but take into account how reliable each friend is

e.g. Trusting Friend 1 over Friend 2 because they play basketball, biased towards more reliable info

64
Q

You would take the average between the two friends but take into account how reliable each friend is

e.g. Trusting Friend 1 over Friend 2 because they play basketball, biased towards more reliable info

What multi-cue integration is this?

a. Interaction
b. Compromise
c. Dominance

A

b. Compromise

65
Q

Image being blindfolded and trying to shoot a hoop in basketball

Since your eyesight is blocked, you rely on your two friends behind you to provide an estimate of the distance from where you are standing and where the hoop is

Describe how you would use dominance integration on the multiple cues given by your two friends

A

You would trust one friend and ignore the other

Assume one of them is getting the estimate really wrong, choose whichever one is more trustworthy/reasonable

66
Q

You would trust one friend and ignore the other

Assume one of them is getting the estimate really wrong, choose whichever one is more trustworthy/reasonable

What multi-cue integration is this?

a. Interaction
b. Compromise
c. Dominance

A

c. Dominance

67
Q

Image being blindfolded and trying to shoot a hoop in basketball

Since your eyesight is blocked, you rely on your two friends behind you to provide an estimate of the distance from where you are standing and where the hoop is

Describe how you would use interaction integration on the multiple cues given by your two friends

A

Information incomplete or ambiguous, need one
source to disambiguate the other

simply = You would use the information from Friend 1 to disambiguate the information given by Friend 2

68
Q

Information incomplete or ambiguous, need one
source to disambiguate the other

simply = You would use the information from Friend 1 to disambiguate the information given by Friend 2

What multi-cue integration is this?

a. Interaction
b. Compromise
c. Dominance

A

a. Interaction

69
Q

When multiple cues are available the visual
system will try to integrate cues in order to obtain a …?

A

Unified percept

70
Q

Define compromise

A

When two sources of depth information are conflicting, the brain will try to find a
compromise between the two

71
Q

When two sources of depth information are conflicting, the brain will try to find a
compromise between the two

This is known as…?

A

Compromise

72
Q

Describe Young et al’s (1993) study on compromise integration

List 5 points

A
  1. Participants viewed computer generated cylinder defined by 2 cues:
  • Texture
  • Motion (These objects will move, at different rates, bits at the side move less and slower, bits in the middle move faster and a lot more)
  1. Task: Apparently circular cylinder task
  • Judgement: Does the cylinder look flattened, circular or stretched?
  1. Experimenters manipulated the texture cue; they changed the compression around the side
  • Less compression = Cylinder looked flattened
  • More compression = Cylinder looked stretched
  1. Experimenters put the 2 cues into conflict (e.g. texture was flattened, motion was stretched)
  • Middle surface moving a lot faster and a lot more than the surface on the side = Cylinder appeared more stretched
  • Middle surface moving a lot slower and a lot less than the surface on the side = Cylinder appear more flat
  1. Texture and motion conflict: What shape do
    participants perceive?
73
Q

Texture and motion conflict: What shape do participants perceive?

A

Perceived shape is a
compromise between
the two cues

The brain averaged together the cues defined by texture and by motion

74
Q

The brain averaged together the cues defined by texture and by motion

This is evidence supporting…?

A

Compromise multi-cue integration

75
Q

Describe the Young et al.’s (1993) 2nd study on compromise integration

List 2 points

A
  1. Made texture cues less regular (less reliable) in one condition

e.g. Distorted circles on the surface = less reliable cue

  1. Made motion cues less regular (less reliable) in another condition

e.g. Made motion jerky, motion cue is not perceived as moving smoothly

76
Q

When texture cues are made less regular (less reliable) in one condition

e.g. Distorted circles on the surface = less reliable cue

What is the perceived shape of the cylinder based on?

A

The perceived shape is biased towards motion cue because it is more reliable

77
Q

When motion cues less regular (less reliable) in another condition

e.g. Made motion jerky, motion cue is not perceived as moving smoothly

What is the perceived shape of the cylinder based on?

A

The perceived shape is biased towards texture cue because it is more reliable

78
Q

What will the brain do when there are 2 cues conflicting?

A

The brain will try to average them

79
Q

Final percept of shape will be biased towards…?

A

The most reliable cue

80
Q

Define dominance

A

When two cues define very different shapes or depths, the brain may choose to ignore one in preference for the other

81
Q

When two cues define very different shapes or depths, the brain may choose to ignore one in preference for the other

This is known as…?

A

Dominance

82
Q

What tends to arise when one cue’s assumptions are invalid?

A

Large cue conflicts

83
Q

Large cue-conflicts tend
to arise when …?

A

One cue’s assumptions are invalid

84
Q

Large cue-conflicts tend
to arise when one cue’s
assumptions are invalid

Which cue will usually dominate?

A

Usually the cue with valid assumptions will dominate

85
Q

An image shows multiple hot hair balloons of different sizes up in the air

Here, the depth is defined by elevation and relative size cues that are very different

Relative size cue dominates

Which cue is invalid in this image and why?

A

Elevation cue is invalid in this situation because the objects are not on ground plane

So we assume balloons that are small are further away from us and balloons that are big are closer to us

86
Q

When an invalid cue dominates, it creates an illusion

Give an example of an illusion that is caused by the dominance of invalid cues

A

Ames room illusion

87
Q

Ames room illusion is an example of the dominance of an invalid cue

Which invalid cue dominates in this illusion?

A

Perspective cue = assumes lines in the world are parallel and perpendicular to each other

88
Q

Ames room illusion is an example of the dominance of an invalid cue

Which cue is ignored in this illusion?

A

Relative size cue = The larger the object, the closer it is to us

89
Q

Relative size in conflict
with perspective. Perspective wins.

What illusion does this apply to?

A

Ames room illusion

90
Q

Define interaction

A

Some cues are ambiguous, but other cues can disambiguate them

91
Q

Some cues are ambiguous, but other cues can
disambiguate them

This is known as…?

A

Interaction

92
Q

A cylinder with an ambiguous texture cue can be perceived as convex or concave

What are we likely to perceive this as?

A

Convex because we have a bias for convex objects

93
Q

A cylinder with an ambiguous texture cue can be perceived as convex or concave

How do we disambiguate ambiguous texture cues?

A

By using binocular disparity

94
Q

Describe the model of cue integration by Landy et al. (1995)

List 2 points

A
  1. Interaction stage
  • Cues interact and disambiguate each other
  1. Compromise stage
  • Cues are averaged together
95
Q

Ambiguous cues such as texture and shading can be disambiguated by …?

A

Other less ambiguous cues

96
Q

Ambiguous cues such as texture and shading can be disambiguated by other less ambiguous cues

Evidence suggests this stage occurs …?

A

Prior to cue compromise

97
Q

What 4 problems can cue integration help overcome?

A
  1. Unifying our percept of the world
  2. Differences in cue reliability (compromise)
  3. Conflicting information (compromise & dominance)
  4. Cue ambiguities (interaction)
98
Q

What cue(s) integration can help to overcome differences in cue reliability?

a. Interaction
b. Compromise
c. Dominance

A

b. Compromise

99
Q

What cue(s) integration can help to overcome conflicting information?

a. Interaction
b. Compromise
c. Dominance

A

b. Compromise
c. Dominance

100
Q

What cue(s) integration can help to overcome cue ambiguities?

a. Interaction
b. Compromise
c. Dominance

A

a. Interaction

101
Q

Recovering depth from 2D retinal images is a difficult problem

This is known as…?

A

Inverse problem

102
Q

Define inverse problem

A

Recovering depth from 2D retinal images is a difficult problem

YEAR 2 Perception (6 decks)

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