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YEAR 2 Perception > Spatial Vision > Flashcards

Spatial Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Define spatial vision

A

The details in an image in terms of lines and elements that make up that 2D image

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2
Q

The details in an image in terms of lines and elements that make up that 2D image

This is known as…?

A

Spatial vision

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3
Q

How do we resolve the detail in an image?

A

Using spatial vision

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4
Q

Describe a receptive field

A

The area on the retina which, when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

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5
Q

A cell’s _____ is the area on the retina which, when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

This is known as…?

A

Receptive field

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6
Q

A cell’s receptive field is the area on the retina which, when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

The effect of the stimulus can be either ___ or ___ on firing rate of that cell

A

Excitatory or Inhibitory

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7
Q

How do we measure a cell’s firing rate?

A

Single cell recording

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8
Q

What happens in single cell recording?

A

A stimulus is shown

An electrode, inserted into a neuron (e.g. V1) measures electrical activity

We then measure the activity of that single neuron overtime

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9
Q

What are the cells located in the V1?

List 3

A
  1. Simple cells
  2. Complex cells
  3. Hypercomplex cells
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10
Q

What are the 6 cells with receptive fields?

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Ganglion cells
  3. LGN cells
  4. Simple cells
  5. Complex cells
  6. Hypercomplex cells
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11
Q

What stimulus do V1 simple cells respond to?

A

Oriented bars and edges

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12
Q

Which bars of light do V1 simples cells respond to the most?

a. Vertical line
b. Tilted vertical line
c. Horizontal lines

A

a. Vertical line

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13
Q

What did Hubel and Wiesel discover about V1 cells in cats?

A

Found oriented bar detectors in V1 of cats using single cell recording

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14
Q

Describe the study on the tilt after-effect

List 3 points

A
  1. Adapt = Ps stared at lines tilted clockwise
  2. Test = They were tested with lines that were physically vertical
  3. Perceived = Ps perceived lines that were tilted slightly in the other direction to the adapting pattern (tilted anti-clockwise)
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15
Q

What is the tilt-after effect?

A

Perceiving lines tilted in the other direction after being tested with vertical lines following staring at lines tilted a certain direction

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16
Q

Perceiving lines tilted in the other direction after being tested with vertical lines following staring at lines tilted a certain direction

This is known as…?

A

The tilt after-effect

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17
Q

What are the 3 components of the tilt after effect?

A
  1. Orientation tuned neurons respond best to preferred orientation but also respond to other similar orientations
  2. Perceived orientation determined by distribution of responses across cells
  3. Adaptation – cell’s response decreases following prolonged
    activity
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18
Q

If a cell is responding really strongly to a particular stimulus and you keep looking at that stimulus, and the cell keeps responding to it, eventually, that cell’s response is going to decrease

This is known as…?

A

Adaptation

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19
Q

Rearrange these components of the tilt after-effect in order

Perceived orientation determined by distribution of responses across cells

Adaptation – cell’s response decreases following prolonged activity

Orientation tuned neurons respond best to preferred
orientation but also respond to other similar orientations

A
  1. Orientation tuned neurons respond best to preferred orientation but also respond to other similar orientations
  2. Perceived orientation determined by distribution of responses across cells
  3. Adaptation – cell’s response decreases following prolonged activity
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20
Q

Before adaptation vertical line looks

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

a. vertical

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21
Q

At the start of adaptation tilted line looks …?

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

c. tilted

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22
Q

During adaptation tilted line looks …?

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

c. tilted

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23
Q

After adaptation vertical line looks …?

a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. tilted

A

c. tilted

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24
Q

After adaptation vertical line looks tilted

Why?

A

Because of asymmetrical response distribution

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25
During adaptation tilted line continues to look tilted, but cells’ responses ...?
Decrease
26
What does the size of tilt after-effect depend on?
Difference between adapt and test
27
Size of tilt after-effect depends on difference between adapt and test What is the effect size if the difference between adapt and test is large?
Small after effect, peak shifted slightly
28
Size of tilt after-effect depends on difference between adapt and test What is the effect size if the difference between adapt and test is small?
Large after effect, peak shifted significantly
29
Size of tilt after-effect depends on difference between adapt and test What is the effect size if the difference between adapt and test is zero?
There is no after effect
30
What wave represents the relationship between the difference in orientation between the adapting pattern of the test and the size pattern of the effects
Sine wave
31
As the difference in adapt and test gets bigger, the size of the after effects ...? a. Increases b. Reduces
b. Reduces
32
As the difference in adapt and test gets bigger, the size of the after effects reduces until adapting pattern after-effects go down to ...?
0
33
What evidence does tilt after-effects provide?
Evidence for orientation tuned cells in human visual system
34
Provides evidence for orientation tuned cells in human visual system This is known as...?
Tilt after-effect
35
Cats and monkeys have cells with ____ receptive fields at each orientation
Different sized
36
Cats and monkeys have cells with different sized receptive fields at ...?
Each orientation
37
True or False? Some cells might give their best response to vertical lines that are very fat or very skinny Some cells might give their best response to horizontal lines that are very fat or very skinny
True
38
List the 3 components of size after-effects
1. Adapt 2. Test 3. Perceived
39
Before adaptation the size of the stimulus is perceived ...? a. Vertically b. Horizontally c. Fatter
a. Vertically
40
During adaptation cells’ response ...? a. Stays the same b. Increases c. Decreases
c. Decreases
41
After adaptation lines look ...? a. Fatter b. Thinner c. Shorter d. Longer
b. Thinner
42
After adaptation, why do the lines look thinner?
Due to asymmetrical response distribution
43
Provides evidence for orientation-tuned cells in human visual system This is known as...?
Tilt after-effect
44
Provides evidence for size-tuned cells in human visual system This is known as...?
Size after-effect
45
Size after-effect is evidence for ...?
Size-tuned cells in human visual system
46
What are the fundamental features of parts of the visual scene? List 2
1. Size 2. Orientation
47
The brain has cells tuned to these features These are known as...?
1. Size 2. Orientation
48
Define size in terms of visual perception
Spatial frequency
49
Define spatial frequency
Number of bars per unit distance (usually cycles per degree) simply = Number of bars you can fit in a given distance
50
Number of bars per unit distance (usually cycles per degree) simply = Number of bars you can fit in a given distance This is known as...?
Spatial frequency
51
Do fat bars have: a. Low spatial frequency b. High spatial frequency
a. Low spatial frequency
52
Do skinny bars have: a. Low spatial frequency b. High spatial frequency
b. High spatial frequency
53
High spatial frequency a. Fat bars b. Thin bars
b. Thin bars
54
Low spatial frequency a. Fat bars b. Thin bars
a. Fat bars
55
Natural images contain information at many ...?
Spatial frequencies
56
Fine details: a. Low spatial frequency b. High spatial frequency
b. High spatial frequency
57
Course information: a. Low spatial frequency b. High spatial frequency
a. Low spatial frequency
58
Low spatial frequency a. Fine details b. Course information
b. Course information
59
High spatial frequency a. Fine details b. Course information
a. Fine details
60
Define contrast
The difference in the luminance between lighter area and darker area on either side of the boundary
61
The difference in the luminance between lighter area and darker area on either side of the boundary This is known as...?
Contrast
62
Going from black to white a. High contrast b. Low contrast
a. High contrast
63
Going from dark grey to light grey a. High contrast b. Low contrast
b. Low contrast
64
We have greater sensitivity to ___ spatial frequencies a. intermediate b. high c. low
a. intermediate
65
We have greater sensitivity to intermediate spatial frequencies What does this mean?
We are very sensitive to the middle spatial frequency We can still see those lines at low contrast
66
We have ___ sensitivity to high and low spatial frequencies a. Higher b. Lower
b. Lower
67
We have lower sensitivity to high and low spatial frequencies How can we perceive these frequencies?
The frequencies need higher contrast to be perceived
68
Spatial frequency tells us about the ...? a. Size on the retina b. Real size in the wolrd
a. Size on the retina
69
Why does spatial frequency tell us about size on the retina but not indicate real size in the world?
Because the projected size depends on distance simply = Because size of the retina is dependent on how big the object is in the world but also how far away it is
70
True or False? Any line on the retina could have been produced by infinite different lines in the world simply = Different widths of lines at different differences could’ve produced this exact image on the retina
True
71
Size of your thumb get bigger in the retinal image as you move it closer to you, with lower spatial frequency in the retinal image but we don’t perceive it that way How do we perceive it instead?
We perceive it in terms of its size in the world and we know it is just getting closer to us
72
Define size constancy
We perceive an object’s real size in the world regardless of distance
73
We perceive an object’s real size in the world regardless of distance This is known as...?
Size constancy
74
Define orientation constancy
We perceive an object’s orientation in the world regardless of the orientation on the retina
75
We perceive an object’s orientation in the world regardless of the orientation on the retina This is known as...?
Orientation constancy
76
We translate retinal properties into ...?
World properties (and experience them how they are in the world)
77
What are images composed of?
Lines and edges of differing orientation, size and contrast
78
What is the visual image processed by?
Neurons tuned to orientation and spatial frequency
79
The visual image is processed by neurons What are these neurons tuned to? List 2 points
1. Orientation 2. Spatial frequency
80
Demonstrations in humans rely on ____ techniques such as the tilt after-effect
Psychophysical
81
Name 2 common psychophysical techniques to demonstrate how neurons in humans are tuned to orientation and spatial frequency
1. Tilt after-effect 2. Size after-effect

YEAR 2 Perception (6 decks)

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