Motor Cortex

Question 1

What area makes up M1?

Answer 1

4

Question 2

What is the difference between M1-4p, and M1-4a?

Answer 2

M1-4a relies on sensory feedback

Question 3

Which M1 area is responsible for initiation of movements/

Answer 3

M1-4p

Question 4

What M1 area can be activated by imagining movements or listening to speech?

Answer 4

M1-4a

Question 5

What results from lesions to M1?

Answer 5

Contralateral UMNL

- Weakness

Question 6

What is the organization of M1?

Answer 6

• Arranged in columns related to movement and muscles acting on single joints

Question 7

What 2 factors are determined by M1?

Answer 7

Force (frequency of firing)

Duration

Question 8

How is direction determined by M1?

Answer 8

Algebriac summation of all possible trajectories being generated by the cortex

Question 9

How are the sensory and motor humunculi different?

Answer 9

Motor has smaller lips

Question 10

What tract predominantly originates from M1?

Answer 10

Corticospinal

Question 11

What gyrus is M1 found on?

Answer 11

Precentral

Question 12

From what lobe does the pre-motor area receive most of its afferents?

Answer 12

The parietal lobe

Question 13

What triggers movements in the pre-motor area?

Answer 13

External sensory information

Question 14

What does the PMA project to?

Answer 14

• Motor cortex

- Brainstem via ventral medial system

Question 15

What are the 2 portions of the PMA?

Answer 15

Lateral dorsal

Lateral ventral

Question 16

Is the lateral dorsal PMA related to reaching or grasping? The lateral ventral?

Answer 16

Lateral dorsal: Reaching

Lateral ventral: Grasping

Question 17

What is meant by the associative learning that occurs in the lateral dorsal PMA?

Answer 17

• Associate sensory events with a motor output

Question 18

What occurs with a lesion to the lateral dorsal PMA?

Answer 18

Difficulty with associative learning

Question 19

What area of M1 is the lateral ventral PMA connected with?

Answer 19

The hand area

Question 20

What are mirror neurons? Where are they found?

Answer 20

• Found in lateral ventral area of PMA

- Activate during observation of action

Question 21

What type of learning occurs in the lateral ventral PMA?

Answer 21

• Higher order, abstract representations of goal oriented actions/ motor learning

Question 22

What will occur with a lesion to the lateral ventral PMA?

Answer 22

• Can’t grasp as well

Question 23

What is the function of the supplementary motor area (M2)?

Answer 23

• Plans complex movements
• Coordinates movements between both hands
• Integrates learned sequences from memory

Question 24

Are motor commands initiated autonomously or by sensory input in M2?

Answer 24

Autonomously

Question 25

What effects will a lesion to M2 have?

Answer 25

- Can't orient digits and hands when reaching - Can't use hands together - Can't make postural adjustments during movement

Question 26

What is the function of the pre-supplementary motor area?

Answer 26

- Semantic processing

Question 27

What structures does the pre-supplementary motor area connect to?

Answer 27

- Caudate | - Frontal cortex

Question 28

How do the basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal cord connect in the motor circuit?

Answer 28

- Basal ganglia provides reward system - Cerebellum removes errors - Cerebrum initiates movements - Cerebellum gets a copy - Command goes to spinal cord

Question 29

What are the 6 executive functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 29

- Planning ahead - Monitoring - Sustained attention - Goal directed behavior - Working memory - Problem solving

Question 30

What areas form the "What" pathway of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 30

44, 45, 47, 12

Question 31

What areas for the "Where/ How" pathway of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 31

8, 9, 4, 6

Question 32

Is the "What" pathway of the prefrontal cortex ventral or dosal? The "where" pathway?

Answer 32

What: Dorsal Where: Ventral

Question 33

What 3 functions are performed by the prefrontal lateral dorsal complex?

Answer 33

- Spatial relationships between stimuli - Working memory - Planning ahead

Question 34

What are the functions of the prefrontal lateral ventral cortex?

Answer 34

- Characterizes stimuli in envrionment - Selects/ retrieves semantic/ linguistic knowledge - Inhibits rumination over problems to help with attention

Question 35

What does the left side of the prefrontal lateral ventral complex do?

Answer 35

Control attention through distractions

Question 36

What does the right side of the prefrontal lateral ventral complex do?

Answer 36

Vigilance

Question 37

What chemical activates the prefrontal lateral ventral cortex?

Answer 37

Dopamine

Question 38

What lobe does the prefrontal lateral ventral cortex work with?

Answer 38

Temporal

Question 39

What is the function of the oribitofrontal cortex?

Answer 39

Regulates emotions

Question 40

What are inputs to the OFC? What system generates these inputs?

Answer 40

- Fear - Hunger - Thrist - Love - Envy - Generated by limbic system

Question 41

What are outputs of the OFC?

Answer 41

- Behavior | - Physiological response

Question 42

What are symptoms associated with lesions to the OFC?

Answer 42

- Inappropriate behavior/ emotions - Impulsive - Unprovoked emotions - Lack of initiative - Unable to plan or correct behaviors - Inability to read emotions or non-verbals

Question 43

What 2 senses related to the reward system stimulate the OFC?

Answer 43

- Smell | - Taste

Question 44

What structures send signals to the OFC?

Answer 44

- Sensory systems - Postcentral gyrus - Limbic system

Question 45

What effect to pain and pleasure have on the OFC?

Answer 45

Activation

Question 46

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

Answer 46

- Emotion formation and processing - Learning - Memory - Links response to pain - Regulates aggression