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Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 > Motor Pathways > Flashcards

Motor Pathways Flashcards

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1
Q

What is functional segregation of motor control

A

Motor system organised in a number of different areas that control different aspects of movement

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2
Q

What is hierarchical organisation of motor control

A

High order areas of hierarchy are involved in more complex tasks (programme and decide on movements, coordinate muscle activity)
Lower level areas of hierarchy perform lower level tasks (execution of movement)

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3
Q

What modulates and adjusts commands from the motor cortex

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

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4
Q

Describe position of the primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus, anterior to the central sulcus

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5
Q

Function of the primary motor cortex

A

Control fine, discrete, precise voluntary movement

Provides descending signals to execute movement

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6
Q

Type of organisation of the primary motor cortex?

A

Somatotopic

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7
Q

What’re the 2 descending motor pathways

A

LATERAL and ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL PATHWAYS

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8
Q

Describe the lateral corticospinal pathway starting from the primary motor motor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex motor neurones send their axons down through subcortical structures known as the internal capsule
Internal capsule becomes the cerebral penduncle
fibres pass through the pons and then reemerges at the pyramids in the medulla where 90-95% of fibres decussate.
the fibres then descend along the lateral corticospinal tract.
- At the appropriate level, the fibres synapse with alpha motor neurones in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
axons of those neurones go out through the ventral root to the spinal nerve and out to the muscle intended

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9
Q

Internal capsule becomes the XX

A

cerebral penduncle

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10
Q

Describe the anterior corticospinal pathway starting from the primary motor motor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex motor neurones send their axons down through subcortical structures known as the internal capsule
Internal capsule becomes the cerebral penduncle
fibres pass through the pons and then reemerges at the pyramids in the medulla
5-10% of fibres here DO NOT decussate and descend to form the anterior corticospinal tract
at the appropriate level the fibres then cross over (decussation is actually IN the spinal cord)- these fibres supply the axial musculature

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11
Q

Anterior corticospinal tract supplies the X muscles

A

axial muscles

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12
Q

What are the CORTICOBULBAR PATHWAYS, example?

A

The primary motor cortex’s projections to the motor nuclei within the brainstem e.g. hypoglossal nucleus

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13
Q

PREMOTOR CORTEX location?

A

Frontal lobe anterior to the primary motor on the lateral side of the head

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14
Q

PREMOTOR CORTEX function? Example of its action?

A

Planning of movements
Regulates externally cued movements
intra- and extra-personal space consideration

Resaching for an apple

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15
Q

SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA/CORTEX location?

A

Anterior to M1, medial to the premotor cortex (dorsal side of head)

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16
Q

SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA/CORTEX function?Example of its action?

A

Planning complex movements; programming sequencing of movements
Regulates internally driven movements

e.g. the mechanics of speech
SMA becomes active when thinking about a movement before executing that movement

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17
Q

the 2 ASSOCIATION CORTICES?

A
  • POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX

- PREFRONTAL CORTEX

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18
Q

POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX location?

A

Behind the somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

PREFRONTAL CORTEX location?

A

Anterior side of brain

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20
Q

PREFRONTAL CORTEX location?

A

Involved in selection of appropriate movements for a particular course of action

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21
Q

POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX function?

A

Ensures movements are targeted accurately to objects in external space

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22
Q

Which brain area has this function:

Ensures movements are targeted accurately to objects in external space

A

Ensures movements are targeted accurately to objects in external space

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23
Q

Which brain area has this function:

Involved in selection of appropriate movements for a particular course of action

A

Involved in selection of appropriate movements for a particular course of action

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24
Q

Which brain area has this function:
Planning complex movements; programming sequencing of movements
Regulates internally driven movements

A

SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA/CORTEX

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25
Which brain area has this function: | Regulates externally cued movements
PREMOTOR CORTEX:
26
Which brain area has this function: Control fine, discrete, precise voluntary movement Provides descending signals to execute movement
Primary motor cortex
27
Which brain area has this function: | The primary motor cortex’s projections to the motor nuclei within the brainstem
Corticobulbar pathway
28
What/where is the: | LOWER MOTOR NEURON (3 places)
The α-motor neuron in the spinal cord, in the ventral horn- and its process out to the musculature (also in the brainstem e.g. the axon from the hypoglossal nucleus)
29
What is: | UPPER MOTOR NEURON
The motor neuron in the primary motor cortex- they have corticospinal or corticobulbur fibres projecting to the next neuron
30
What is: | PYRAMIDAL tract
Lateral corticospinal tract, main motor tract
31
what does the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL tract innervate
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
32
What is: | Paresis
Graded weakness of movements
33
What is: | Paralysis (plegia
Complete loss of muscle activity
34
What is: | Spasticity
Increased muscle tone
35
What is: | Hyper-reflexia
Exaggerated reflexes
36
What is: | Clonus
Abnormal oscillatory muscle contraction
37
What is: | Babinski’s sign
Extensor reflex when sole of foot stimulated
38
What causes increased abnormal motor function
LOSS OF INHIBITORY DESCENDING INPUTS:
39
What is this known as: | Abnormal oscillatory muscle contraction
Clonus
40
What is this known as: | Extensor reflex when sole of foot stimulated
Babinski’s sign
41
What is apraxia
disorder of skilled movement- patients are not paretic but have lost information about how to perform skilled movements
42
What is apraxia caused by (what lobe and what functional area) (2)
- Lesion of inferior parietal lobe, the frontal lobe (premotor cortex, supplementary motor area)
43
Most common causes of apraxia (2)
stroke and dementia
44
Signs and symptoms of lower motor neurone lesions? (6)
- Weakness - Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone) - Hyporeflexia - Muscle atrophy - Fasciculations Damaged motor units produce spontaneous APs, resulting in visible twitch - Fibrillations Spontaneous twitching of individual muscle fibres; recording during needle electromyography examination
45
What is MOTOR NEURON DISEASE (MND)
PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM
46
Cause of death in motor neurone disease?
respiratory muscles fail, this is usually the cause of death
47
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Motor neurone disease
48
UPPER MOTOR NEURON SIGNS of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE (MND)?
- Increased muscle tone (spasticity of limbs and tongue) - Brisk limbs and jaw reflexes - Babinski’s sign - Loss of dexterity - Dysarthria - Dysphagia
49
LOWER MOTOR NEURON SIGNS of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE (MND)?
- Weakness - Muscle wasting - Tongue fasciculations and wasting - Nasal speech - Dysphagia
50
What defines pyramidal neurons
not a part of the main descending tract
51
Examples of basal ganglia teas? (4+4 extra)
- Caudate nucleus - Lentiform nucleus (putamen & external globus pallidus) - Subthalamic nucleus (first three are in the basal forebrain, subcortical structures) - Subtantia nigra In the midbrain - Ventral pallidum, claustrum, nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis of Meynert (on the periphery of the basal ganglia
52
What is in the lentiform nucleus
putamen & external globus pallidus
53
Is the basal ganglia pyramidal or extrapyramidal
Extra
54
LOOK AT THE DOC AND NAME THE PLACES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA
DO IT
55
LOOK AT THE DOC AND NAME THE PLACES OF THE MOTOR SYSTEMS
DO IT
56
BASAL GANGLIA- FUNCTIONS (3)
- Elaborating associated movements (e.g. swinging arms when walking; changing facial expression to match emotions) - Moderating and coordinating movement (suppressing unwanted movements) - Performing movements in order
57
What does the striatum consist of (and what does one of the parts it consists of consist of)
Striatum is the lentiform (putamen and external Globus pallidus) + the caudate
58
Where does interruption of basal ganglia circuity occur to give you Parkinsons?
from substantia nigra to striatum
59
Where does interruption of basal ganglia circuity occur to give you Huntingtons?
Between striatum and globus pallidus internal
60
Where does interruption of basal ganglia circuity occur to give you Ballism?
Subthalamic nucleus
61
Symptoms of Parkinsons? (5)
- Stooped posture - Broad gate - Shuffling movement - Lewy body pathology seen - Cognitive decline in people who live for a long time with it
62
Neuropathology of Parkinsons?
neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that originate in the substantia nigra and project to the striatum
63
What is different in a brain examined of Parkinsons disease?
Locus classicus - dark line (due to neuromelanin)
64
What causes the locus classicus
dark line (due to neuromelanin)
65
Where is the locus classicus
Midbrain
66
Lost circuitry from the substantia nigra up to the striatum (specifically the caudate nucleus and putamen) will result in ...
Parkinsons
67
Specifically which areas of the striatum are involved in Parkinson's
Caudate nucleus and putamen
68
Signs and symptoms of Parkinsons?
``` BRADYKINESIA HYPOMIMIC FACE AKINESIA RIGIDITY TREMOR AT REST ```
69
What is akinesia
Difficulty in the initiation of movements because cannot initiate movements internally
70
What is HYPOMIMIC FACE
Expressionless, mask-like (absence of movements that normally animate the face)
71
What is BRADYKINESIA
Slowness of (small) movements (doing up buttons, handling a knife)
72
3 main pathways to the cerebellum:
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle
73
What is the function of the: Inferior cerebellar peduncle And what tract?
input from the spinal cord Spino-cerebellar tract
74
What is the function of the: | Middle cerebellar peduncle
Transverse pathway that connects the 2 halves of the cerebellum
75
What is the function of the: | Superior cerebellar peduncle
Main output pathway of the cerebellum going up to the basal ganglia, thalamus etc
76
What is the layered structure of the cerebellum known as and what are the layers? (3)
- Trilaminar structure(Pial surface outside) Molecular layer, piriform layer, granular layer
77
All output of the cerebellum is from X cells via deep nuclei
Purkinje cells
78
What nucleus in the medulla projects to the Purkinje cells and via what fibres
- Inferior olivary nucleus projects to Purkinje cells via climbing fibres
79
2 sources of input to the cerebellum and what fibres are from each and what cells do they protect to?
- Inferior olivary nucleus projects to Purkinje cells via climbing fibres - All other input to granule cells via mossy fibres and then onwards via parallel fibres
80
3 divisions of the cerebellum?
VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM SPINOCEREBELLUM CEREBROCEREBELLUM
81
What division of the cerebellum is in the transverse section
VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM
82
What division of the cerebellum is in the sagittal medial section
SPINOCEREBELLUM
83
What division of the cerebellum is in the sagittal lateral section
CEREBROCEREBELLUM
84
What does this do: | VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM
Regulation of gait, posture and equilibrium & coordination of head movements and eye movements
85
What does this do: | SPINOCEREBELLUM
Coordination of speech, adjustment of muscle tone and coordination of limb movements
86
What does this do: | CEREBROCEREBELLUM
Coordination of skilled movements (playing piano), cognitive function, attention, processing of language and emotional control
87
What is the cause and problems of VESTIBULOCEREBELLAR syndrome
Tumour that causes syndrome similar to vestibular disease leading to gait ataxia, and tendency to fall
88
What is the cause and problems of CEREBROCEREBELLAR syndrome
Damage that affects mainly arms/skilled coordinated movements (tremor) and speech
89
What is the cause and problems of SPINOCEREBELLAR syndrome
Damage (degeneration and atrophy associated with alcoholism) that affects mainly legs and causes abnormal gait and wide stance

Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 (18 decks)

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