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Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 > Sensory Pathways > Flashcards

Sensory Pathways Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT ARE SENSORY MODALITIES?

A

 A MODALITY IS A TYPE OF STIMULUS

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2
Q

Speed of transduction, size of fibre, and state of myelination of fibre, and modality conducted of Abeta fibres?

A

Very fast transduction fibres- large and myelinated transmit mechanical stimulation e.g. brush

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3
Q

Speed of transduction, size of fibre, and state of myelination of fibre, and modality conducted of Adelta fibres?

A

Fast transduction (less fast and smaller than Abeta)- myelinated transmit pain/temperature

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4
Q

Speed of transduction, size of fibre, and state of myelination of fibre, and modality conducted of C fibres?

A

C Slow transduction, small and no myelination transmit slower achey pain, temperature, itch

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5
Q

Nerve endings of thermoreceptors?

A

Free nerve ending

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6
Q

Nerve endings of nociceptors?

A

Free nerve ending

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7
Q

Nerve endings of mechanoreceptors?

A

Nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules

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8
Q

Nerve endings of auditory hair cells?

A

Special hair receptor cells

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9
Q

Nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules are which type of receptor?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

Free nerve endings are which type of receptor?

A

Nociceptors and thermoreceptors

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11
Q
  • Somatosensory receptors are X that convert energy from the environment into neuronal action potentials
A

transducers

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12
Q
  • The ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD of somatosensory receptors is the …
A

Level of stimulus (strength) that produces a positive response of detection 50% of the time

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13
Q

Thermoreceptors have what kinda nerve ending

A

Free nerve endings with high thermal sensitivity

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14
Q

Thermoreceptors have what kinda channels (2)

A 
-	4 heat-activated TRP channels:
TRPV1-4
-	2 cold-activated TRP channels:
TRPM8
TRPA1
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15
Q

What are the heat activated TRP channels

A

TRPV1-4

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16
Q

What are the cold activated TRP channels

A

TRPM8

TRPA1

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17
Q

What are the 4 mechanoreceptors

A

Meissners corpuscle, Merkel cells, Pacinian corpuscle and Ruffini endings

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18
Q

What type of touch stimulates Meissners corpuscle

A

Fine, discriminative touch

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19
Q

What type of touch stimulates Merkel cells

A

Light touch and superficial pressure

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20
Q

What type of touch stimulates Pacinian corpuscles

A

Detects deep pressure, vibration and tickling

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21
Q

What type of touch stimulates Ruffini endings

A

Continuous pressure or touch and stretch

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22
Q

Fine, discriminative touch stimulates what receptor

A

Meissners corpuscle

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23
Q

Light touch and superficial pressure stimulates what receptor

A

Merkel cells

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24
Q

deep pressure, vibration and tickling stimulates what receptor

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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25
Continuous pressure or touch and stretch stimulates what receptor
Ruffini endings
26
How can mechanoreceptors be specific to types of touch
Through adaptation speed (fast and quick) and type of stimulus (continuous vs change)
27
How do tonic receptors work in adaptation
- Tonic receptors detect continuous stimulus strength - These do not adapt or adapt very slowly - Continue to transmit impulses to the brain as long as the stimulus is present - Keeps the brain constantly informed of the status of the body - E.G. MERKEL CELLS- slowly adapt allowing for fine touch perception
28
How do phasic receptors work in adaptation
- Detect a change in stimulus strength - Adapt quickly - Train of action potentials transmitted at start (when pressure excited the receptor), and then at end (when pressure is released) - Also called “movement receptors” or “rate receptors” - E.G. PACINIAN RECEPTOR
29
What is the RECEPTIVE FIELD in sensation
THE RECEPTIVE FIELD IS THE REGION ON THE SKIN WHICH CAUSES ACTIVATION OF A SINGLE SENSORY NEURON WHEN ITSELF ACTIVATED
30
What does a small receptive field detect
- Small receptive fields allow precise perception and detection of fine detail
31
What does a large receptive field detect
- Large receptive fields allow detection of changes over a wider area
32
What is TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION and what is this related to
Minimum distance at which two points are perceived as separate - Related to size of the receptive field
33
Adelta fibres mediate what type of pain
sharp, intense or first pain
34
What are the two types of Adult fibre and what do they detect
- TYPE 1: A-MECHANOHEAT RECEPTORS Noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli - TYPE 2: A-MECHANORECEPTORS Noxious mechanical stimuli
35
C fibres mediate what type of pain
mediate dull, persistent or second pain:
36
What stimuli do C fibres respond to
- Respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli(chemical stimuli = inflammatory mediators, PG, BK) - (polymodal)
37
Myelination of C fibres?
Unmyelinated
38
Myelination of Adelta fibres?
Myelinated
39
Cell bodies of primary afferent neurones are located in ... (body and face (for face think nerve innervation))
dorsal root ganglia (body) and trigeminal ganglia (face)
40
- Dorsal horn of the spinal cord is Organised into:
Rexed Laminae (I-VII)
41
- Innocuous mechanical stimuli (Aalpha and Abeta fibres) terminate in lamina X-Y of the dorsal horn
III-VI
42
- Pain and temperature (Adelta and C fibres) terminate in lamina X-Y of the dorsal horn
I-II (referred to as the superficial dorsal horn)
43
- X is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the dorsal horn
Glutamate
44
What is lateral inhibition in the dorsal horn performed by
- Interneurons that connect between different laminae and between adjacent peripheral inputs
45
Lateral inhibition prevents...
overlap of receptive fields
46
What is the GATE CONTROL THEORY and what is this due to
A dull achey pain response in the dorsal horn can be modulated by activating an Abeta fibre e.g. rubbing on a painful area can reduce pain Due to lateral inhibition
47
THE DORSAL COLUMN SYSTEM transmits what modality
Innocuous mechanical stimuli - fine discriminative touch and vibration
48
- Information is conveyed from lower limbs and body (below T6) ipsilaterally along the X fasciculus
GRACILE
49
- Information is conveyed from upper limbs (above T6) ipsilaterally along the X fasciculus
CUNEATE
50
Fibres of the dorsal column/cuneate and gracile fasciculus?
Aalpha and Abeta
51
1st ORDER NEURONS of the dorsal column pathway TERMINATE IN THE X in their respective nucleus
MEDULLA dorsal column
52
2nd ORDER NEURONS of the dorsal column pathway DECUSSATE IN THE X
Caudal MEDULLA
53
What tract do second order neurons of the dorsal column pathway follow to where
CONTRALATERAL MEDIAL LEMNISCUS TRACT from the medulla to the thalamus
54
Where do the 2nd order neurons of the dorsal column pathway terminate (SPECIFIC NUCLEUS)
VENTRAL POSTERIOR LATERAL NUCLEUS of the thalamus (VPL)
55
Where do the 3nd order neurons of the dorsal column pathway project from and to
- 3rd order neurons from the VPL nucleus project to the somatosensory cortex
56
Where is there a somatotopic representation of the body in the afferent dorsal column pathway
Somatosensory cortex
57
Where is there a topographic representation of the body in the afferent dorsal column pathway
In the cuneate and gracilis nuclei in the medulla and the ventral posterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus
58
What are the 2 pathways in THE SPINOTHALAMIC (ANTEROLATERAL) PATHWAY and what are their modalities
lateral pathway (pain and temp.) and anterior pathway (crude touch)
59
Where do the 1st order neurons of the the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway terminate
- primary afferent (1st order) axons terminate upon entering the spinal cord
60
Where do the 2nd order neurons of the the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway project from and to
From spinal cord to terminate in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus
61
Where do the 3rd order neurons of the the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway project from and to
- 3rd order neurons from the VPL project to the somatosensory cortex
62
Where do the 2nd order neurons of the the spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway decussate
Immediately after synapsing upon entry to the spinal cord
63
What is the spinoreticular system (pain from X to X in X and then to X)
Pain transmitted through a pathway from the spinal cord, to the parabrachial area in the brainstem, and then to the limbic system
64
Parts of the brain involved in pain reception? (4)
Cortex Amygdala Cerebellum Brainstem

Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 (18 decks)

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