Moving Objects: Pushing and Pulling

Question 1

In pushing and pulling, the basic joint actions are ________ and _______ in one or more extremities.

Answer 1

flexion; extension

Question 2

In pushing/pulling, the joint actions of the elbow and shoulder are opposite/simultaneous.

Answer 2

opposite

Question 3

In pushing/pulling, the joint actions of the hip, knee, and ankle are opposite/simultaneous.

Answer 3

Simultaneous

Question 4

What are the three natures of force application?

Answer 4

Momentary contact, projection, and continuous application

Question 5

Examples of momentary contact.

Answer 5

Striking, hitting.

Question 6

Examples of projection.

Answer 6

shot put, free throw, chest pass

Question 7

Examples of continuous application

Answer 7

weightlifting, archery

Question 8

Motion always involves imparting a _____, described in terms of its magnitude, direction, and point of application.

Answer 8

force

Question 9

Principle of magnitude of force #1: The object will move only if the force is large enough to overcome the object’s ______.

Answer 9

inertia

Question 10

Principle of magnitude of force #2: Force exerted by the body will transfer to an external object in proportion to ____________________

Answer 10

the counterforce of the feet against the ground

Question 11

Principle of magnitude of force #3: Optimum summation of internal force is needed if maximum force is to be applied to move an object. In other words, the largest/smallest number of body segments moved through the largest/smallest range of motion.

Answer 11

largest; largest

Question 12

Principle of magnitude of force #4: For maximum accuracy, the smallest/largest possible number of segments should be used through the smallest/largest possible range of motion.

Answer 12

smallest; smallest

Question 13

Principle of magnitude of force #5: For a change in momentum to occur, force must be applied over ______.

Answer 13

time – this is impulse!

Question 14

Principle of direction of force #1: The direction in which an object moves is determined by the ______________.

Answer 14

direction of the applied resultant force.

Question 15

Principle of direction of force #2: If an object is forced to move along a predetermined pathway, any component of force not in the pathway direction is _______ and may serve to ____________ _______

Answer 15

WASTED; increase friction

Question 16

Principle of direction of force #3: When optimum force production is the purpose, segments involved should be aligned with the _____________________.

Answer 16

direction of force production

Question 17

Principle of point of application of force #1: Force applied in line with the object’s center of gravity will result in _______ motion.

Answer 17

linear

Question 18

Principle of point of application of force #2: Force NOT applied in line with the object’s center of gravity will result in _______ motion.

Answer 18

rotary

Question 19

Principle of point of application of force #3: If the free motion of an object is interfered with by friction or by the presence of an obstacle, _______ motion may result.

Answer 19

rotary

Question 20

The magnitude of force may be increased by using the ________________ or __________ to supplement the upper extremities.

Answer 20

lower extremities; body weight

Question 21

True or False: economy of effort is ensured when the force is applied in line with the object’s center of gravity and in the desired direction.

Answer 21

True; the direction and point of application are interrelated.

Question 22

A horizontal push should be applied close to the object’s __________.

Answer 22

center of gravity

Question 23

True or false: It may be advantageous to pull in a slightly downward direction to increase friction.

Answer 23

FALSE: would be better to pull slightly upward to reduce friction. Duh.

Question 24

Lifting is a form of pushing/pulling upward/downward.

Answer 24

pulling upward

Question 25

The more ______ the pull and in line with the object’s center of gravity, the more efficient the lift because minimizing the RA reduces the amount of effort needed.

Answer 25

vertical

Question 26

7 tips for safe and efficient lifting:

Answer 26

1.) Reduce load mass
2.) Avoid floor-level loads
3.) Keep loads close to body for a smaller RA
4.) Maintain neutral spine position
5.) Avoid trunk rotation and lateral flexion while lifting
6.) Maintain a solid base
7.) Lift velocity should be held constant

Question 27

When holding an object, effort can be minimized by ________________.

Answer 27

supporting the object from underneath with only enough force applied to counteract gravity

Question 28

When carrying an object, effort can be minimized by ___________________.

Answer 28

lessening the accommodation of the body’s center of gravity (which can be achieved through the mass and distance from the body of the object).

Question 29

When weightlifting, effort can be minimized by ___________________.

Answer 29

arranging the various levers to minimize torque produced by external resistance while maximizing the available muscle torques.

Question 30

Punches involve pushing/pulling.

Answer 30

pushing

Question 31

Whereas karate punches are shorter with no follow-through, boxing punches are __________.

Answer 31

long with a follow-through

Question 32

When working with long-handled implements, although the implement is light, the forward position means a _____ ____________ ___ and added load on back muscles.

Answer 32

long resistance arm