MS 2015

Question 1

Describe each each type of joint

a. Primary cartilaginous
b. Secondary cartilaginous
c. Synovial
d. Fibrous
e. Condyloid

Answer 1

A. Primary cartilaginous joints are made of hyaline cartilage.

B is a secondary cartilaginous joint made of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. Other secondary cartilaginous joints include the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.

C is a synovial joint, which contain synovial fluid within articular capsules (capsules on articulating surfaces) – these joints allow more movement.

e) Condyloid joints (e.g. the radiocarpal joint at the wrist) are a type of synovial joint.

Question 2

What joints connect ribs to the sternum?

Answer 2

Coastal cartilage/hyaline cartilage

Question 3

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 3

-between long bones, allow little movement
The distal tibio-fibular joint is a type of fibrous joint known as syndesmoses, which allow little movement and exist between long bones. Other types of fibrous joints include sutures (found in the skull) and gomphoses (between the root of a tooth and a socket in the maxilla/mandible).

Question 4

1. Where else in the body can you find hyaline cartilage?

a. Epiglottis
b. Bronchioles
c. External ear (auricle)
d. Bronchi
e. Meniscus of the knee joint

Answer 4

Answer: D. The trachea and bronchi are lined by hyaline cartilage. The epiglottis and external ear are made of elastic cartilage. Bronchioles are not lined by cartilage. Menisci are made of fibrocartilage.

Question 5

What stains dark purple with PAS?

Answer 5

glycogen

Question 6

1. What is afterload?

Answer 6

a. Pressure against which the heart must contract to eject blood during systole

Question 7

Describe the anatomy of sigmoid colon

Answer 7

• Appendices epiploicae,
• taenia coli
• haustrations shown demonstrate that this is part of the colon.
• contains mesentery (ascending and descending do not)

Question 8

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract? what is in each layer?

Answer 8

The mucosa consists of epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa.

The submucosa contains larger blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, mucus secreting glands etc.

Muscularis propria – there is an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer.

The serosa is also known as the adventitia and usually covers external surfaces.

Question 9

1. Which laryngeal muscle is responsible for normal breathing?

a. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
b. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
c. Interarytenoid muscle
d. Thyroarytenoid muscle
e. Cricothyroid muscle

Answer 9

a. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

It is the only abductor of the vocal cords.

Question 10

1. What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 10

With the exception of cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve, all intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Question 11

1. What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

Answer 11

Answer: B. Enzyme B is phosphofructokinase, the rate-limiting enzyme. A is hexose kinase, C is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, D is enolase and E is pyruvate kinase.

Question 12

Which stage of glycolysis involves hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 12

The early stages of glycolysis require “investment” ATP. ADP is converted to ATP in Y and Z.

(1st and 3rd reaction)

Question 13

What is the net gain of glycolysis

Answer 13

2NADH and 2ATP

Question 14

What is resp epi?

Answer 14

a. Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

Question 15

Which lobe is a peanut most likely to be aspirated into?

Answer 15

Right lower lobe. As the right bronchus is slightly wider and more vertical aspirated objects tend toward the right lung. Assuming the man is standing up the peanut will most likely enter the lower lobe due to gravity.

Question 16

What type of tremor is seen in parkinson’s?

Answer 16

Pill-rolling

He has a shuffling gait and stooped posture, and a pill rolling tremor.
buttoning up shirt

Question 17

What is lentiform nucleus?

Answer 17

Lentiform nucleus = putamen and globus pallidus.

Question 18

21. What structure mainly forms the roof of the fourth ventricle?

Answer 18

Cerebellum
medial = megendie
lateral = luschka

Question 19

What occurs in proliferative stage?

Answer 19

. In theproliferative phase, the uterine lining and uterine glands become thicker as epithelial and stromal cells undergo mitosis. The endometrial lining builds up to approximately 3.5-5.0mm in height. This phase is under oestrogen control. Oestrogen causes upregulation of oestrogen receptors (thus enhancing its own effect) and progesterone receptors, to prime the endometrium and enable it to respond to progesterone in the luteal phase.

Question 20

What occurs in secretory phase?

Answer 20

In thesecretory phase, after ovulation has occurred, the glands become convoluted and dilated with secretions. The spiral arteries that supply the glands become more prominent, and increasingly corkscrew in appearance. This phase is stimulated primarily by progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum.

Question 21

Which of the following structures runs through the inguinal canal in women?

a. Broad ligament
b. Vaginal artery
c. Ovarian ligament
d. Ilioinguinal nerve
e. Round ligament

Answer 21

Answer: E – The round ligament, which passes through the inguinal canal to the labia majora where its fibres attach to the mons pubis. The ilioinguinal nerve passes through the superficial inguinal ring but not the deep inguinal ring, so doesn’t go through the whole inguinal canal.

Question 22

Question Answer

Which blood cell type is elevated in a parasitic infection?

Answer 22

eosinophils

Question 23

What cells are found in acute inflammation, which in chronic inflammation?

Answer 23

A large ratio of macrophages can indicate chronic inflammation,

where as a large ratio of neutrophils indicates acute inflammation

Question 24

What cell is especially important in the adaptive immune system?
What does it form?

Answer 24

Lymphocytes
B lymph = memory
=plasma cells
Bone marrow

T lymph = killer (thymus)

Question 25

30. Which parasympathetic nerve is responsible for micturition?
    Which sym?
    Which is under somatic control?

Answer 25

– Pelvic splanchnic nerve, which causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter.

• The hypogastric nerve is responsible for the sympathetic innervation which relaxes the detrusor muscle and causes contraction of the internal sphincter therefore allowing storage of urine.
• The pudendal nerve is related to control of the external urethral sphincters and is under somatic control. The genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve innervate the areas around the genitals and groin.