2013 SAQ

Question 1

Name 2 things that bradykinin does in acute inflammation.

Answer 1

Vasodilates
Causes Pain
=Release of prostaglandins, release of nitric oxide = vasodilation

(ACE breaksdown)

Question 2

What muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?

Answer 2

Circopharyngeus

Question 3

Average recommended daily calcium intake of UK adult

-2 food groups that provide calcium

Answer 3

1000mg

-dairy, meat, fortified cereal, fish, vegetables

Question 4

3 hormones involved in calcium homeostasis

Answer 4

1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid horomone, calcitonin

Question 5

2 sites in GI where calcium is actively absorbed?

2 sites in kidney where calcium is actively absorbed?

Answer 5

Active absorption = duodenum and jejunum

Kidney is loop of henle and distal tubule

Question 6

2 hormones produced elsewhere but activated in the kidney

Answer 6

Angiotensinogen

25 hydroxy Vitamin D

Question 7

How does increased serum sodium affect calcium reabsorption in the kidney?

Answer 7

It would decrease calcium reabsorption

• as ca2+ follows sodium along the electrochemical gradient therefore if less sodium is being reabsorbed then less calcium will also be reabsorbed.
• Also increased sodium would cause an increased GFR so more calcium is excreted

Question 8

What are the curves and grooves for in the pinna?

Answer 8

To focus sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

Question 9

2 muscles in the middle ear

Answer 9

Tensor tympani

stapedius

Question 10

What does the ossicular chain

Answer 10

Transmits sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the oval window

Question 11

What do hair cells do?

Answer 11

Transduction

Question 12

Muscles that adduct the hip

Muscles that flex the hip

Answer 12

Adductor longus/brevis/magnus

Lliacus / psoas / rectus femorus

Question 13

2 actions of oestrogen on endometrium.

Answer 13

1. Causes Spiral Arteries to form

2. Proliferates the endometrium

Question 14

Principles screening programme in terms of;

The condition

The treatment

The test

Benefits

Answer 14

THECONDITION
i it should be an serious health problem
ii the aetiology should be well undestood
iii there should be a detectable early stage

• THETREATMENT…
i there should be an accepted treatment for the disease
ii facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available
iii there can’t be an unmanageable extra clinical workload

• THETEST
i a suitable test should be devised for the early stage
ii the test should be acceptable for the patients
iii intervals for repeating the test should be determined

• BENEFITS
i there should be an agreed policy on whom to treat
ii the cost should be balanced against the benefits