Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NCS > MS > Flashcards

MS Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology of MS

A
  • Women more likely then men

- Commonly diagnosed 25-35 (YOUNG!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Global distribution of MS

A

Further from the equator = higher the incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Environmental factors: sun and smoking

A

Sun - increased vitamin D may reduce likelihood of MS

Smoking - may increase likelihood of MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genetic factors

A

IT’S NOT HEREDITARY!

- Though may be a genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Infectious factors

A

Viruses/bacteria can cause demyelination (Herpes, chlamydia, measles, Epstein-Barr)
*No evidence that they cause MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

McDonald Criteria

A

Dissemination in time: 2 or more distinct attacks

Dissemination in space: 2 or more lesions in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T1 weighted MRI scans

A

Detect active inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T2 weighted MRI scans

A

Detect old and new lesions (CSF is bright white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FLAIR MRI scans

A

Good to detect edema (best for dx MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Evoked potentials

A

Measure activity in the brain in response to stimulation - abnormalities indicate demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory evoked potentials

A

Impulses administered to arms and legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials

A

Listen for series of clicks in each ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Visual evoked potentials

A

Identifies pathology along optic nerve pathway

**Only type proven useful in dx MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CSF fluid analysis

A

Most immune-related conditions have abnormalities but this isn’t specific to MS (not all individuals have abnormalities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Signs and symptoms of MS

A
  • Motor/spasticity
  • Sensory/pain
  • Vision
  • Heat intolerance
  • Cerebellar dysfunction
  • Urinary
  • Cognitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory symptoms

A
  • Paresthesias

- Loss of proprioception and vibratory sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Visual symptoms

A
  • Optic neuritis
  • Nystagmus
  • Oscillopsia
  • Intranucear opthalmoplegia
  • Optic disc pallor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Uhthoff phenomenon

A

Increase in body temperature causes increase in neurological symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuroblockade hypothesis of heat intolerance

A

Rise in temperature decrease nerve conduction due to greater demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cerebellar symptoms

A
  • Ataxia
  • Incoordination
  • Dizziness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bladder symptoms

A
  • Incontinent (UTIs are common)
22
Q

Relapsing remitting MS

A
  • Marked by temporary relapses (exacerbations) that last 1-3 months
  • Result in complete or partial remission between attacks
23
Q

Secondary progressive MS

A
  • Starts off as relapsing remitting (second phase)
  • Characterized by progressive worsening of symptoms
  • May or may not have relapses/remissions
24
Q

Primary progressive MS

A
  • Steady decline of neurological symptoms without relapses or remissions
25
Progressive relapsing MS
- Steady worsening of symptoms | - MAY experience intermittent acute flare ups/exacerbations where symptoms worsen and relapse to previous levels
26
Shortened life expectance
6 years cut short
27
Positive prognostic factors (MS)
- Relapsing remitting type MS | - Only one sx at onset
28
Negative prognostic factors (MS)
- Male, African American - Older age at onset - Smoking/low vitamin D levels - Early cerebellar/pyramidal involvement - Progressive type MS
29
Meds for relapse/exacerbation management
Corticosteroids | *High dose, short duration
30
Disease modifying medications
- Shown to reduce the number and severity of relapses - Reduce the development of new areas of inflammation - Delay progression of disability
31
Injectables
- Avonex - intramuscularly, weekly - Betaseron - subcutaneously, every other day - Copaxone - subcutaneously, daily - Rebif - subcutaneously, 3x week
32
Oral meds
- Abugaio - daily - Gilenya - daily - Tecfidera - 2x /day
33
Infused meds
- Mitoxantrone - intravenously every 3 months - Tysabri - intravenously, monthly - Lemtrada - intravenously, 2 courses
34
MS Progressive exercise recommendations
Duration: 10-40 minutes Frequency: >2-3 days per week Intensity: 50-70% max O2 consumption Reps: 10-12 rep max (1-3 sets)
35
Exercise and it's effects on pathogenesis, neutrophic factors, CNS structure preservation
Pathogenesis - no effect Neurotrophic factors - no effect CNS - yes in older individuals but lacking in MS population
36
Exercise and fatigue
No worsening and possible improvement in fatigue
37
8 week lower body resistance training program benefits on walking mechanics in MS
- Improved swing phase, step length, stride length, and foot angle - Decrease in time in stance and double limit support phase, and toe clearance - Improvement in isometric strength, disability score, and 3 minute stepping
38
4 weeks of aerobic treadmill training on fatigue (55-85% max HR)
- Increased gait speed | - Improved endurance and fatigue levels
39
MS and thermoregulation wit hexercise
Core temperature rises without appropriate response = leads to OH and increase in HR **Uhthoff's phenomenon
40
Aquatic therapy benefits
- Improved QOL - Decreased fatigue - Improved gait speed, BBS score, and TUG score - Increased grip strength
41
Symptoms following exercise?
Change in symptoms in which they may worsen but it is considered temporary and unlikely to have any major effect on fatigue and function
42
MS Exercise recommendations to reduce fatigue
Endurance, resistance, combined training - 2-3 days/week - 60-80% HR max - 30 minutes/day
43
MS acute care recommended tests
- 12- Item MS Walking Scale - 9-Hole Peg Test - BBS - MS Impact Scale (MSIS-29) - Timed 25 Foot Walk - TUB with Cognitive and Manual Tasks
44
12-Item MS Walking Scale
Questionnaire designer to subjectively measure an individuals ability to ambulate - 12 items rated from 1-5 - Greater number = greater disability - No cutoff score
45
9-Hole Peg Test
Timed test to measure finger dexterity - Scoring: time take to place all pegs in holes and return to container one by one - No cutoff scores but norms have been established
46
MS Impact Scale (MSIS-29)
Questionnaire to measure the physical and psychological impact of MS on daily life - Scoring 1 (no impact) - 5 (extreme impact) - No cutoff scores
47
Timed 25 Foot Walk
Designed to obtain quantitative measure of mobility and leg function - Scoring: average of 2 timed trials for walking a distance of 25 ft - No cutoff scores
48
TUG manual and cognitive cut off scores
Manual: 14.5 seconds **Difference of 4.5 seconds or greater between 2 trials Cognitive: 15 seconds
49
MS inpatient/outpatient recommended measures
All previous tests plus: - BBS - DHI - MS Functional Composite - MS Quality of Life (MS QOL-54)
50
Dizziness Handicap Inventory
Scale used to determine amount of limitation perceived due to effects of dizziness - Scoring 0-100 (higher number = greater handicap) - Cutoff: >59 suggests increased risk for falls
51
MS Functional Composite
Evaluates cognition, gait, and UE function in individuals with MS * *Includes Timed 24-Foot Walk Test, 9-Hole Peg Test, and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test - Scoring - each score of above tests is converted to a z-score and then averaged - No cutoff scores
52
MS Quality of Life (MS QOL-54)
- Quality of life questionnaire focusing on physical health and mental health tailored towards MS specific issues - Scoring - no overall score for the test; summary scores for physical and mental health are weighted based on combination of scale scores - No cutoff scores

NCS (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions