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Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of evidence

A
  1. SR + MA
  2. RCT
  3. Cohort
  4. Case-control
  5. Cross sectional survey
  6. Case report
  7. Expert opinion
  8. Anecdotal
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2
Q

Cohort studies

A

Compare groups prospectively

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3
Q

Case-control studies

A

Compare groups retrospectively

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4
Q

Cross-sectional surveys

A

Look at a group at a specific point in time

**Typically utilized in developmental psyc

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5
Q

Nominal

A
  • Labels that are mutually exclusive

* *Male + female

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6
Q

Ordinal

A
  • Rank ordering, distance between ratings not equal

* *1st, 2nd, and 3rd place

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7
Q

Interval

A
  • Equal intervals between ratings, no true zero point

* *Temperature

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8
Q

Ratio

A
  • Equal intervals, has true zero poin

* *10 meter walk time

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9
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency, dependability

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10
Q

Random errors limit…

A

Reliability

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11
Q

Systematic errors limit…

A

Validity

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12
Q

SEM

A

Repeated measures on the same instrument tend to be distributed around the “true” score

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13
Q

Large SEM =

Small SEM =

A 
Low reliability (large)
High reliability (small)
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14
Q

Intra-rated reliability

A

Consistency within the same rater

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15
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Consistency between raters

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16
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a test measures what it is purported to measure

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17
Q

Construct validity

A

How well the test measures The abstract construct it is supposed to measure (pain, intelligence, QOL)

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18
Q

Content validity

A

How well the content of the test matches a content domain associated with a construct
**Determined by expert consensus

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19
Q

Face validity

A

Instrument appears to test what it is supposed to

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20
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

Compares the test with other measures already validated

**Compared to gold standard

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21
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparison between the test and another measure administered at the same time

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22
Q

Predictive validity

A

Comparison between the test and another measure administered in the future

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23
Q

Floor effect

A

A measure’s lowest score is unable to assess a patient’s level of ability

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24
Q

Ceiling effect

A

A measures highest score is unable to assess a patient’s level of ability

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25
Normative data
Represents scores pulled from the literature to provide “normal” values within a population
26
Cut-off scores
Designates a positive or negative test outcome
27
MDC
Minimum amount of change in a patient’s score that ensures that change is not the result of measurement error
28
Minimal clinically important difference
The smallest amount of change in an outcome that might be considered important by the patient or clinician
29
Sensitivity
- True positive rate | - Likelihood that someone with the condition will be positive on the diagnostic test
30
Specificity
- True negative rate | - Likelihood that someone who doesn’t have the condition will negative on the diagnostic test
31
Positive predictive value
Percentage of people who are positive on the diagnostic test who have the condition
32
Negative predictive value
Percentage of people who are negative on the diagnostic test that do not have the condition
33
Positive likelihood ratio
Indicates how many times more or less likely a positive result will occur in someone with the condition that in someone without the condition * *How much the odds of a disease increase when a test is positive * *Increase the probability of having the disease associated with having the finding vs not
34
+LR values
>10 Large 5-10 Moderate 2-5 Small 1 Neutral
35
Negative likelihood ratio
Indicates how many times more or less likely a negative test restful will occur in someone without the condition than in someone with the condition * *How much the odds of having the disease decrease wit ha negative result * *Decrease the probability of having the disease associated with having the finding vs not
36
-LR values
1 Neutral .2-.5 Small .1-.2 Moderate
37
Descriptive stats
- Summarizes a sample rather than a population | * *Does not allow us to make conclusions of data from the sample
38
Nominal - measures of central tendency
Mode
39
Ordinal - measures of central tendency
Median
40
Interval/ratio (not skewed) - measures of central tendency
Mean
41
Interval/ratio (skewed) - measures of central tendency
Median
42
Range
Difference between the highest and lowest values | **Does not give insight into distribution of scores
43
Percentiles/quartile
A value below which a given percentage of scores fall
44
Standard deviation
Measures of the distribution of scores around a mean
45
Low and high standard deviation
Low - tend to be close to the mean | High - tend to be spread out over a wider range of values
46
Intraclass correlation coefficient
- Measures of reliability of ratings - Rangers rom 0 to 1 (low to high agreement) - Generally, ICC > .75 is good reliability
47
Inferential statistics
Techniques that allow us to use samples to make generalizations about the populations the samples represent
48
Null hypothesis
Assumes there is no relationship between variables
49
Experimental hypothesis
Assumes there is a relationship between the variables
50
Type 1 Error
Alpha False + Claiming there is a difference in groups when in fact there is no difference
51
Type II Error
Beta False - Claiming there is no difference/failing to reject the null when there is a difference
52
Power
Strength of the treatment effect | 1-B
53
P-value - level of significance
Chance that the results occurred by random chance
54
P-value < alpha
Null is rejected | **Lower the p-value, the less likelihood that the results occurred by chance
55
P-value > alpha
Null is not rejected | **Higher the p-value, the more likelihood that the results occurred by chance
56
Parametric
- Representative of the population - Follows normal distribution * *INTERVAL + RATIO
57
Non parametric
- Not representative of population - No normal distribution or randomization * *NOMINAL + ORDINAL
58
Confidence interval
How confident you are that the value falls within that interval **Wider the interval, the higher the confidence
59
Coefficient of determination (R2)
Describes the amount of variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the variance in the independent variable
60
2 related scores | >3 related scores
2 - P - paired test, NP - Wilcoxon signed ranking | 3 - P - ANOVA, NP - Friedman
61
2 ind groups | >3 ind groups
2 - P - unpaired ttest, NP - Mann-Whitney U test | 3 - P - ANOVA, NP - Kruskat Wallis

NCS (19 decks)

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