MSK

Question 1

What parts of the hip are affected by developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

Answer 1

proximal femur and acetabulum

Question 2

What can DDH lead to

Answer 2

subluxation (partial dislocation) and dislocation

Question 3

risk factors for developmental hip displasia

Answer 3

female
first-born
frank breech presentation
family hx
oligohydramnios

Question 4

Hip laxity is common at birth so sonograohic evaluation is typically performed after ____ weeks.

Answer 4

4

Question 5

What planes are used to evaluate DDH

Answer 5

COR and TRV

Question 6

Which hip is typically affected?

Answer 6

3x more common in the left

Question 7

Normal alpha and beta angle of a hip?

Answer 7

alpha >60

beta <55

Question 8

_____ angle is lateral next to TDx

Answer 8

beta, alpha is medial

Question 9

What are the stress maneuvers for DDh called

Answer 9

barlow

ortalani

Question 10

Barlow stress maneuver

Answer 10

determine is hip is subluxable

dislocation of the hip by adducting (rolling in) and pushing the leg posteriorly

Question 11

Ortalani stress maneuver

Answer 11

relocation of the dislocated hip by abducting (roll open) the leg
a palpable and audible “clunk” is noted as the femoral head slips back into the socket

Question 12

_______ _______ is a collection of synovial fluid in the popliteal fossa and is commonly located on the _____ aspect of the fossa. They can also extend down into the _____

Answer 12

Baker’s Cyst
media
calf muscle

Question 13

Causes of Baker’s cyst

Answer 13

rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
oversuse of the knees

Question 14

Most common tumor of the hand and wrist

Answer 14

ganglion cysts

Question 15

Second most common tumor of the hand and wrist

Answer 15

giant cell tumor

Question 16

Tumor of the tendon sheath

Answer 16

giant cell tumor

Question 17

appearance of a giant cell tumor

Answer 17

solid mass with varying appearances

Question 18

Appeance of a ganglion cyst

Answer 18

simple cyst with sound enhancement

Question 19

Why do you have to be careful with a cystic appearning mass in the hand or wirst that does not have sound enhancement

Answer 19

could be a giant cell tumor

Question 20

_____ ______ is two muscles that extend from the zyphoid process to the public bone and join at the midline to form the _____ _____, which is a complete partition for this compartment.

Answer 20

rectus abdominus

linea alba

Question 21

The rectus abdominus is encased in a sheath ______ and _______. The anterior and posterior sheath extend from the costal margin to the ______ line, which is located midway between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis, where the posterior wall of the sheath ends.

Answer 21

anteriorly and posteriorly

arcuate line

Question 22

A rectus sheath heamtoma is the result of bleeding from the ______ or _______ ________ vessels (superior and inferior to umbilicus) or frome a _____ of the rectus muscle.

Answer 22

superior or inferior epigastric vessels

tear

Question 23

If a rectus shealth hematoma is superior to the arcuate line, the heamtoma is confined within teh anterior and posterior sheath and does not move across the ____ due to the ____ ______.

Answer 23

midline

linea alba

Question 24

A rectus sheath hematoma inferior to the arcuate line will extend into the ____ of ______ within the pelvis casuing external compression and irratation of the urinary bladder.

Answer 24

space of retzius (retropubic space)

• inferior to the arcuate line, the posterior sheath is absent with only a weak transversalis fascia and peritoneum sperating the abdominal wall muscle from the abdominal viscera
• these bleeds are more extensive, the bleed does not tamponade as it does above the arcuate line

Question 25

Although most rectus sheath hematomas are self-limiting, extensive bleeding can result in a _______ in ______ and hypovolemic shock

Answer 25

decrease hematocrit

Question 26

Where is the arcuate line

Answer 26

below the belly button, midway between the umbilicus and pubic bone

Question 27

rectus sheath hematomas occur due to

Answer 27

``` external trauma trauma from surgery vigorous msucle contraction valsalva with severe coughing/vomiting pregnancy ```

Question 28

Rectus sheath heamtoma is a recognized complication of ______ _____.

Answer 28

anticoagulation therapy

Question 29

epigastric hernia

Answer 29

due to a weakness on the ML of the upper abd wall, on the line extending from the breast bone to the umbilicus

Question 30

Incisional hernia

Answer 30

result of poast operative weakening of the abdominla wall

Question 31

Umbilical hernia

Answer 31

occurs near the umbilicus due to the natural weakness of the abdominal wall from the umbilical cord

Question 32

femoral hernia

Answer 32

within the femoral canal adjacent to the femoral vein just below the groin crease and is usually associated with pregnancy

Question 33

Obturator hernia

Answer 33

protrudes from the pelvic cavity through the opening in the pelvic bone (obturator foramen). Becasue of the lack visible bulging, difficult to Dx

Question 34

inguinal hernia

Answer 34

most common abd wall hernia occuring more often in men

Question 35

indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 35

follows the inguinal canal descending from the abdomen into the scrotum. Pathway normally closes before birth but may remain a possible site for hernia in later life. Sometimes the hernia sac protrudes into the scrotum

Question 36

Direct inguinal hernia

Answer 36

occurs slightly to the inside of the site of the indirect hernia, in an area where the abdominal wall is naturally slightly thinner, rarely protruding into the scrotum

Question 37

Spigelian hernia

Answer 37

along the edge of the rectus abdominus muscle through the spigelian fascia, which is serveal inches lateral to the middle of the abdomen

Question 38

What are the 4 patterns of muscle fiber organization

Answer 38

Parallell (Fusiform) Convergent (Triangular) Pennate Circular

Question 39

Parallell

Answer 39

fusifirm long axis of muscle fiber runs with longitudinal axis of muscle biceps, sartorius

Question 40

Convergent

Answer 40

trangular muscle fibers converge toward a single tendon pectoralis major

Question 41

peenate

Answer 41

muscle fibers branch from central tendon diagonally (feather-like) rectus femoris, deltoid

Question 42

circular

Answer 42

msucle fibers are arranged in concentric rings | obicularis oris

Question 43

artifact you will encounter when not quite perpendicular to smal super structures that will make it look like there is a break or tear so need to use dynamic imaging (moving around)

Answer 43

anisotropy

Question 44

full/complete tears may occur in

Answer 44

tendons, where muscle are connected to bone

Question 45

What muscles make up the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 45

supraspinatous subscapularis infraspinatous teres minor

Question 46

What should you always do in the presence of a popliteal cyst?

Answer 46

Color Doppler to check for popliteal arterial anneurysm