Labs

Question 1

Tumor Marker: AFP

Answer 1

HCC
germ cell tumors
testicular ca

Question 2

Tumor marker: B2M

Answer 2

chronic lymphocystic leukemia
multiple myeloma
lymphoma

Question 3

Tumor marker: CA 15-3, CA 27-29

Answer 3

breast ca

Question 4

Tumor Marker CA125

Answer 4

ovarian ca
uterine ca
lung ca

Question 5

Tumor Marker: CA 72-4

Answer 5

gastric ca
ovarian ca
colorectal ca

Question 6

Tumor Marker: CA 19-9

Answer 6

pancreatic ca
cholangiocarcinoma
GI ca
lung ca
colorectal ca

Question 7

Tumor marker: Calcitonin

Answer 7

medullary thyroid ca

Question 8

Tumor marker: Chromogranin A

Answer 8

neuroendorcine tumors

Question 9

Tumor Marker: Beta-HCG

Answer 9

germ cell tumor

testicular ca

Question 10

Tumor Marker: neuro-specific enolase

Answer 10

lung ca

Question 11

Tumor marker: PSA

Answer 11

prostate CA

Question 12

Tumor Marker: S-100

Answer 12

malignant melanoma

Question 13

Tumor marker: nuclear matrix protein 22

Answer 13

bladder ca

Question 14

Tumor Marker: carcinoembryonic antigen CEA

Answer 14

colorectal ca
bile duct ca
breast ca
GI ca
esophgeal ca
lung ca
thyroid ca
bladder ca
uterine ca

Question 15

Tumor marker: lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 15

GI ca

germ cell tumor

Question 16

Tumor marker: alk phos

Answer 16

bone ca

Question 17

Aspartate Amniotransferase

Answer 17

AST/SGOT
wide tissue distribution
non-specific by itself
very sensitive to most all HC diseases
increase seen with MI, heart failure, muscle injury, CNS disease and other nonhepatic disorders

Question 18

Alanine Amniotransferase

Answer 18

ALT/SGPT
present in high concentrations in the liver
specific for liver disease

Question 19

Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase

Answer 19

GGT
present in the hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium
elevation indicates HC disease and biliary obstruction
increased in most disease that cause acute damage to liver/bile ducts and in patients with acute/chronic alcohol abuse

Question 20

Increased GGT and ALP =

Answer 20

biliary obstruction

Question 21

Increased GGT and ALT =

Answer 21

hepatocellular disease

Question 22

lactic dehydrogenase

Answer 22

LDH
enzyme widely distributed throughout body
by itself is not as useful as with determination of its five isoenzymes, which can indicate specific organ or tissue damage
can be used to monitor treatment of some cancers

Question 23

Alpha fetoprotein

Answer 23

AFP
protein synthesized by fetal liver
levels decrease during the first year of life
elevation with: HCC, germ cell tumors (ovaries and testes), metastaic Plateletliver cancer, childhood hepatoblastoma
moderate levels can be seen with non-cancerous liver diseases
>500 ngmL = hcc, level loosely correlates with degree

Question 24

thrombocytopenia

Answer 24

low platelets due to either decreased production or increased destruction

Question 25

Thrombocytosis

Answer 25

increased platelets | is either congenital or reactive or due to unregulated production

Question 26

Prothrombin Time

Answer 26

PT

Question 27

Partial PT

Answer 27

PTT or activated PTT characterizes blood coagulation monitor the treatment effects with heparin

Question 28

Fatty Infiltration

Answer 28

inc AST | inc ALT

Question 29

AST

Answer 29

enzyme in numerous metabolic tissues

Question 30

ALT

Answer 30

Metabolic enzyme mostly found in the liver

Question 31

Cirrhosis

Answer 31

inc AST inc ALT inc Alk Phos

Question 32

Alk Phos

Answer 32

enzyme produced by the liver, bone, intestines, and placenta

Question 33

Cirrhosis (advanced)

Answer 33

``` inc AST inc ALT inc Alk Phos dec Albumin inc Bilirubin Total inc Indirect Bilirubin (Unconjugated) inc Direct Bilirubin (Conjugated) PT/PTT ```

Question 34

Albumin

Answer 34

protein which acts as a transport medium

Question 35

Bilirubin Total

Answer 35

old red blood cell residual and bile pigment

Question 36

Indirect Bilirubin

Answer 36

Unconjugated | detsroyed RBCs

Question 37

Direct Bilirubin

Answer 37

Conjugated | bile pigment

Question 38

Focal Liver Infection/Abscess

Answer 38

``` inc WBC inc AST inc ALT inc Alk Phos inc Direct/Conj Bili ```

Question 39

WBC

Answer 39

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

Question 40

Biliary Obstruction Distal

Answer 40

``` inc Alk Phos inc Direct/Conj Bili inc Bilirubin Total inc AST inc ALT inc WBC ```

Question 41

Metastases

Answer 41

inc AST inc ALT inc Alk Phos inc Bilirubin Total

Question 42

Hepatic Adenoma

Answer 42

inc Hematocrit inc Bilirubin Total inc Indirect/Unconj Bili

Question 43

Hematocrit

Answer 43

% of RBC in blood volume

Question 44

Biliary Obstruction Proximal

Answer 44

``` inc Alk Phos ind Direct/Conj Bili inc Bilirubin Total inc ALT inc AST ```

Question 45

Hepatitis

Answer 45

inc ALT inc AST inc Alk Phos