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2nd Year 2nd Term > MT6314 ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY > Flashcards

MT6314 ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the effects of chemicals in the workplace

A

Occupation toxicology

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2
Q

Major emphasis of occupational toxicology is to identify?

A

agents of concern
acute and chronic diseases
conditions for safe use
preventive measures

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3
Q

Can be called upon to treat the disease caused by chemicals

A

Occupational toxicologist

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4
Q

Occupational toxicologists may also?

A

carry out programs for surveillance

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5
Q

Regulatory limits for “safe” chemical exposure is promulgated by?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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6
Q

What are “safe” chemical exposure limits denoted as?

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

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7
Q

Periodically prepare lists of their consensus versions of “safe” threshold limit values

A

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

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8
Q

Environmental toxicology is now called?

A

Ecotoxicology

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9
Q

What does ecotoxicology deal with?

A

impact of chemicals (as pollutants in the environment)

toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations and communities of living organisms within defined ecosystems.

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10
Q

Ecotoxicology includes the study of?

A

transfer pathways of those agents & interactions with the environment

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11
Q

Concerned with the toxic effects on individual organisms

A

Traditional Toxicology

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12
Q

Air pollution is a main product of?

A

Industrialization, Technologic Development and
Urbanization

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13
Q

Environment mainly composes of?

A

Air, soil, water

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14
Q

Denote the daily intake of a chemical from food

A

Acceptable daily intake (ADI)

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15
Q

What air pollutant has the smallest permissible exposure limit value? and the biggest?

A

Smallest - ozone
Largest - 1,1,1-
trichloroethane

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16
Q

ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or setting

A

Hazard

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17
Q

To assess hazards, one needs to have?

A

knowledge on the inherent toxicity of a substance
amounts to which individuals are liable to be exposed

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18
Q

Hazards are often based on?

A

Estimates rather than objective evaluation

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19
Q

expected frequency of the of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

A

Risk

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20
Q

Estimation of risk makes use of what data?

A

Dose-response data
Extrapolation from the observed relationships to the expected responses at doses occurring at exposure

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21
Q

Differs in different exposure situations

A

Route of entry

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22
Q

Major route of entry

A

Inhalation

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23
Q

Relatively minor route to transdermal

A

Oral ingestion

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24
Q

Primary prevention should be designated to reduce or eliminate?

A

Absorption by inhalation by topical contact

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25
Q

Routes of entry of atmospheric pollutants

A

inhalation and dermal

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26
Q

Water and soil pollutants route of entry

A

Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal

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27
Q

How much exposure notes chronic exposure?

A

Multiple exposures over a longer period of time

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28
Q

What exposures are usually chronic?

A

Air and water pollutants

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29
Q

Ranking of industrial routes of exposure?

A

Inhalation > Transdermal Route > Oral

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30
Q

An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in?

A

a dose

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31
Q

single exposure or multiple exposure over a brief period of time

A

Acute exposure

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32
Q

single or multiple exposure over a longer period of time

A

Chronic Exposure

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33
Q

Hierarchy of controls?

A

Elimination > Substitution > Engineering controls > Administrative controls > PPE

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34
Q

Least and most effective control?

A

Least - PPE
Most - Elimination

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35
Q

Isolate people from the hazard

A

Engineering controls

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36
Q

Change the way people work

A

Administrative controls

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37
Q

Replace the hazard

A

Substitution

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38
Q

Physically remove the hazard

A

Elimination

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39
Q

Poorly degraded chemicals exhibit?

A

Persistence and can accumulate

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40
Q

Poorly degraded chemicals include?

A

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans

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41
Q

Responsible for the bioaccumulation of mercury compounds in higher marine mammals and fish higher in the food chain

A

Methyl mercury discharges

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42
Q

Tend to accumulate in body fat and cause endocrine disruption, neurological disorders, and carcinogenesis

A

Lipophilic substances: organochlorine pesticides

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43
Q

Intake of a contaminant by an organism exceeds the latter’s ability to metabolize or excrete the substance

A

Bioaccumulation

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44
Q

Contaminant concentration may be virtually undetectable in water, and may be magnified hundreds or thousands or times as the contaminant passes up the food chain

A

Biomagnification

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45
Q

Results from vapors, aerosols, smokes, particulates and individual chemicals

A

Air pollution

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46
Q

Associated with acute adverse effects among children, elderly and individuals with pre existing cardiac or respiratory disease

A

Sulfur dioxide and smoke from incomplete combustion of coal

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47
Q

Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-
irritating gas

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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48
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a byproduct of?

A

incomplete combustion

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49
Q

Mechanism of action in carbon monoxide?

A

Combines tightly but reversibly with o2 binding sites in hemoglobin 220x more than oxygen

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50
Q

Affinity of CO with Hb product is?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin (cannot transport oxygen)

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51
Q

The formation of COHb is a result of what effect?

A

Bohr effect

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52
Q

What organs are most affected with COHb?

A

Brain, heart, kidneys

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53
Q

Has teratogenic potential, easily absorbed through the lungs

A

CO

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54
Q

CO exposure may be?

A

Chronic or acute

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55
Q

CO is usually seen in?

A

gas stoves; generators gasoline-powered equipment; automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke

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56
Q

Clinical effects of CO?

A

Hypoxia developing from psychomotor impairment, headache and tightness in the temporal area, confusion and loss of visual acuity, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma and deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory failure

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57
Q

40% COHb exposure may lead to?

A

collapse and syncope

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58
Q

Clinical effects are aggravated by?

A
  • Heavy labor
  • High Altitude
  • High Ambient Temperature
  • Cardiorespiratory disease
  • Smoking exposure
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59
Q

CO intoxication is usually thought of as a form of what kind of toxicity?

A

Acute

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60
Q

T or F: The developing fetus is quite susceptible to the effects of CO exposure

A

T

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61
Q

Treatment for CO?

A

Remove from source
Maintain respiration (O2 is specific antagonist for CO)

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62
Q

What kind of therapy can be done as treatment for CO?

A

Hypothermic therapy

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63
Q

What persists for a long time after treatment of CO?

A

Neuropsychological and motor dysfunction

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64
Q

Colorless irritant gas generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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65
Q

Principal source of urban SO2 is?

A

burning of coal, domestic heating, high-sulfur transportation and coal-fired power plants

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66
Q

At room temperature, the solubility of SO2 is approximately?

A

200g SO2/L of water

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67
Q

SO2 is a severe irritant to?

A

eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and skin

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68
Q

T or F: Because of SO2’s high solubility, when it comes in contact with moist membranes, it becomes sulfurous acid

A

T

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69
Q

Inhalation of SO2 causes?

A

bronchioconstriction and bronchorrhea

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70
Q

Clinical outcome of 90% of inhalation of SO2 in the upper Respiratory tract?

A

Acute Irritant Asthma

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71
Q

When severe acute SO2 exposure has occurred, what may be observed?

A

Delayed onset pulmonary edema

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72
Q

Treatment for SO2 is?

A

supportive, non-specific

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73
Q

Brownish irritant gas associated with fires and formed from fresh silage

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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74
Q

Exposure of farmers to Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) in the silo can lead to what illness?

A

Silo-filler’s disease, a severe and potentially lethal form of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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75
Q

The most common source of human exposure to NO2 comes from?

A

automobile and truck traffic emissions

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76
Q

Relatively insoluble deep lung irritant

A

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)

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77
Q

Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) is capable of producing what illnesses from its mechanism of action?

A

pulmonary edema and ARDS

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78
Q

Inhalation of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) damages what?

A

lung infrastructure that produces the surfactant necessary to allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar expansion

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79
Q

After respiratory insult from NO2, what can patient develop?

A

non-irritant asthma or twitchy airway

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80
Q

What events cause permanent restrictive respiratory disease?

A

Damage to the type 1 and 2 alveolar cells, that impairs the type 1’s ability to replenish, causing progressive fibrosis

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81
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to NO2: Irritation of eyes and nose, cough, mucoid or frothy sputum production

A

Acute

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82
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to NO2: dyspnea and chest pain; Pulmonary edema, fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles

A

Acute

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83
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to NO2: Emphysematous changes

A

Chronic

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84
Q

Bluish irritant gas naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

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85
Q

At high altitudes, Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides is an important absorbent of? How about on ground levels?

A

UV light - high altitudes
Pollutant - ground levels

86
Q

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides are primarily produced from?

A

Burning of fossil fuel

87
Q

Nitrogen oxides are emitted from?

A

power plants, motor vehicles and other sources of high heat compounds

88
Q

Ozone can be generated in the workplace by?

A

high-voltage electrical equipment and air and water purification systems

89
Q

Irritant of mucous membranes and is involved with mild exposure that produces upper respiratory tract infection

A

Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides

90
Q

Severe exposure to Ozone (O3) and Other Oxides can cause?

A

deep lung irritation

91
Q

O3 toxicity may result from the formation of?

A

Reactive free radicals

92
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to O3: Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to visual acuity

A

Acute

93
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to O3: substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS

A

Acute

94
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to O3: Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Empyshema

A

Chronic

95
Q

Solvents include?

A
  • Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
96
Q

HAHs include?

A

Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane

97
Q

Most HAHs are classified as?

A

known or probable human carcinogens

98
Q

HAH that causes severe damage in the ozone

A

Freon, a fluorinated aliphatic

99
Q

HAHs cause what clinical effects?

A

CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury, cardiotoxicity, arrythmia

100
Q

“reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen”

A

Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene

101
Q

Chronic Exposure in the Workplace can cause?

A

Impaired memory, peripheral neuropathy

102
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons include?

A
  • Benzene
  • Toluene
  • Xylene
103
Q

Known for its solvent properties as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals

A

Benzene

104
Q

Important component of gasoline that may be found in premium gasolines at concentrations of about 1.5%

A

Benzene

105
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to benzene: CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria, Locomotor Problems and Coma

A

Acute

106
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to benzene: Vertigo, Drowsiness and Headache

A

Acute

107
Q

Acute or Chronic exposure to benzene: Bone Marrow Injury

A

Chronic

108
Q

Targets of benzene or its metabolites?

A

Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells

109
Q

Benzene was also known to be a?

A

Potent Clastogen - acts by chromosomal breakage

110
Q

IARC considers Benzene as class what of human carcinogen?

A

1

111
Q

Methylbenzene that does not contain myelotoxic properties of benzene, or association with leukemia

A

Toluene

112
Q

What class carcinogen is toulene?

A

3

113
Q

Effects of Toluene?

A

CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic

114
Q

Toluene is associated with?

A

rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

115
Q

Dimethylbenzene that has been substituted for benzene in many solvent degreasing operations

A

Xylene

116
Q

Colorless, sweet-smelling agent that is not associate with leukemia

A

Xylene

117
Q

Effects of xylene?

A

CNS depressant, skin irritant

118
Q

Kinds of pesticides?

A
  • Organochlorine Pesticides
  • Organophosphorus Pesticides
  • Carbamate Pesticides
  • Botanical Pesticides
119
Q

Organochlorine Pesticides kinds?

A

DDT (chlorphenothane) and analogs,
Benzenehexachlorides
Cyclodienes
Toxaphenes

120
Q

The 4 classes of organochloride pesticides are what kind of compounds?

A

Aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic compounds containing chlorine substituents

121
Q

Aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic compounds containing chlorine substituents can be absorbed in the body through?

A

Skin, inhalation and ingestion

122
Q

Organochloride pesticides were known to disrupt what system in humans and animals?

A

Endocrine

123
Q

DDT continues to have restricted use in for?

A

domestic mosquito elimination in malaria infested regions of Africa

124
Q

Compounds seen in DDT and analogs?

A

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
Methoxychlor
Tetrachlorodiphenylethane (TDE)

125
Q

Compounds in benzene hexachlorides?

A

Benzene hexachloride (BHC; hexachlorocyclohexane)
Lindane

126
Q

Compounds in cyclodienes?

A

Aldrin
Chlordane
Dieldrin
Heptachlor

127
Q

Compounds in Toxaphenes?

A

Toxaphene (camphechlor)

128
Q

Largest acceptable daily intake?

A

Methoxychlor (DDT)

129
Q

Organochloride pesticides interfere with the activation of?

A

sodium channels in excitable membranes and cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons

inhibits calcium ion transport

130
Q

Major effect of organochloride pesticides?

A

CNS stimulation

131
Q

Most postulated mechanism in organochloride pesticides?

A

Endocrine pathway disruption

132
Q

Tremor is the first manifestation in?

A

DDT

133
Q

Considered as persistent chemicals

A

organochloride pesticides

134
Q

Used against large variety of pests

A

Organophosphorus Pesticides

135
Q

Organophosphorus Pesticides are useful when in direct contact with insects or when used as?

A

plant systemics

136
Q

Agent of translocated within the plant and exerts its effects on insects that feed on the plants

A

plant systemics

137
Q

Organophosphorus Pesticides are based on warfare chemicals such as?

A

sarin, soman and tabun (often called G compounds)

138
Q

Examples of Organophosphorus compounds that are less toxic than the military grade compounds?

A

Parathion, malathion, azinphos

139
Q

Organophosphates are absorbed into the body through?

A

skin, respiratory, GI

140
Q

Mechanism of action of Organophosphorus Pesticides?

A

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through phosphorylation of the esteratic state

141
Q

Organophosphorus Pesticides causes what clinical effects?

A

M-U-D-D-L-E-S: miosis, urination, diarrhea, diaphoresis, lacrimation, excitation of the central nervous system, and salivation

142
Q

If Organophosphorus Pesticides toxicity is not reversed, patients will develop?

A

neuromuscular transmission failure – cardiorespiratory failure, weakness of respiratory muscles and death

143
Q

What treatments are available for the toxicity of organophosphates?

A

physostigmine, pralidoximine

144
Q

Organophosphorus pesticides with the highest acceptable daily intake?

A

Trichlorfon and Dimethoate

145
Q

Some organophosphate agents are capable of?

A

phosphorylating the neuropathy target esterase which results in progressive demyelination of the longest nerves

146
Q

In humans, progressive chronic axonal neurotoxicity has been observed with?

A

triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)

147
Q

T or F: Organophosphorus pesticides are persistent

A

F, break down in the environment due to photolysis and hydrolysis

148
Q

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase by carbamoylation of the esteratic site

A

Carbamate pesticides

149
Q

Binding site of carbamate pesticides are (weak/strong)

A

Weak

150
Q

Carbamate or organophosphate: Aldicarb

A

Carbamate

151
Q

Carbamate or organophosphate: Azinphos-methyl

A

Organophosphate

152
Q

Carbamate or organophosphate: Dimetilan

A

Carbamate

153
Q

Pesticides derived from natural resources include?

A

nicotine, rotenone, pyrethrum

154
Q

Nicotine reacts with?

A

acetylcholine receptor of the post synaptic membrane resulting in its depolarization

155
Q

Pyrethrum consists of 6 known insecticidal esters which are?

A

pyrethrin 1, 2, cinerin 1, 2, jasmolin 1, 2

156
Q

Causes reactive airways dysfunction syndrome and anaphylaxis

A

Pyrethrum

157
Q

Herbicides include?

A

Chlorophenoxy herbicides
Glyphosate
Bipyridyl herbicides

158
Q

Used for the destruction of weeds with low acute human toxicity

A

Chlorophenoxy herbicides

159
Q

Dichlorophenoxy and related herbicides have been found to contain and generate?

A

NMDA

160
Q

Principal ingredient in Roundup and most widely used in herbicides in the world

A

Glyphosate

161
Q

May damage crops and plants even if used as directed since it is non-selective; skin and eye irritant which can cause esophageal erosion

A

Glyphosate

162
Q

Most important agent of bipyridyl herbicides?

A

Paraquat

163
Q

Bipyridyl herbicides mechanism of action involves?

A

Single-electron reduction of the herbicide to free radical species

164
Q

Environmental Pollutants consist of?

A
  • Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
  • Perfluorinated Compounds
  • Endocrine Disruptors
  • Asbestos
165
Q

Highly halogenated biphenyl compounds which are used for insulation, fire retardancy

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

166
Q

Mass production resulted in enormous environmental problems; very toxic and now banned for use

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

167
Q

Used as dielectric and heat transfer fluids, lubricating oils, plasticizers, wax extenders and flame retardants

A

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

168
Q

Major source of PCB Residues in humans

A

Food

169
Q

AKA dioxins, group of halogenated congeners where tetrachlorodibenzodioxin has been studied carefully

A

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)

170
Q

Coolant materials in air-conditioning systems, oxygen-carrying materials in clinical studies, heat-stain-, and stick-resistant coatings for cookware, fabrics and other materials

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

171
Q

Had deleterious effect in the ozone layer of the atmosphere

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

172
Q

Human exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) mainly takes place through?

A

Inhalation and ingestion

173
Q

Human half life of perfluorooctanoic acid is estimated to be?

A

3 Years

174
Q

T or F: PFCs are only a endocrine disruptor

A

F, chemical and endocrine

175
Q

PFCs have a long term effect on?

A

Reproductive function
Cellular proliferation
Cellular homeostatic mechanisms

176
Q

What is caused by pyrolysis of PFOA?

A

Polymer fume fever (acute pulmonary disorder)

177
Q

PFCs is associated with proliferation of _______; _______,________,______ and __________

A

proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian, prostate and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

178
Q

PFCs are associated with what abnormalities?

A

cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities

179
Q

Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal action with estrogen-like or antiandrogenic effects; some affect thyroid functions

A

Endocrine Disruptors

180
Q

Endocrine disruptors include?

A

phytoestrogens (plant derived), mycoestrogens, industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine
agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants

181
Q

Increasing concerns in endocrine disruptors due to?

A

bioaccumulation, toxicity and increasing contamination in the environment

182
Q

Large family of cyclic peptides, alkaloids, and lipopolysaccharides

A

Cytotoxins

183
Q

Cytotoxins are a product of?

A

blue-green algae widely distributed in lakes and salt water

184
Q

Low or high concentrations of cytotoxins: GI, neurologic, hepatic dysfunction

A

Low

185
Q

Low or high concentrations of cytotoxins: poisoning and respiratory failure

A

High

186
Q

Widely used in industry for over 100 years but causes progressive fibrotic lung diseases, lung cancer, mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

187
Q

What increases the incidence of asbestos-caused lung cancer in synergistic fashion?

A

Cigarette smoking and exposure to radon daughters

188
Q

All forms of asbestos cause?

A

Mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum at very low doses

189
Q

T or F: Mechanism of asbestos causing cancer is well-defined

A

F, not well-defined

190
Q

Metals consist of?

A
  • Beryllium
  • Cadmium
  • Nanomaterials

anticipated to be human carcinogens: Manganese, uranium, cobalt

191
Q

Light alkaline metal used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental equipment; devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones and heat shield tiles in space vehicles

A

Beryllium

192
Q

What class carcinogen is beryllium?

A

1

193
Q

Route of entry of beryllium?

A

Inhalation

194
Q

What does inhalation of beryllium cause?

A

Acute Beryllium Disease and Chronic Beryllium Disease characterized by progressive pulmonary fibrosis

195
Q

Acute or Chronic Beryllium Disease: granulomatous pulmonary fibrosis

A

Chronic

196
Q

Transition metal found in nickel batteries, pigments, low-melting point eutectic materials; in solder; in television phospors; and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics

A

Cadmium

197
Q

Route of entry of cadmium?

A

Inhalation and ingestion

198
Q

When metals which have been plated with cadmium or welded with it are vaporized by the heat of cutting implements, the fine dust and fumes produce?

A

Cadmium fume fever

199
Q

What level carcinogen is cadmium?

A

1

200
Q

Chronic cadmium exposure may lead to?

A

progressive pulmonary fibrosis, renal failure

201
Q

Nanomaterials are any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between?

A

1-100nm

202
Q

Examples of nano materials?

A

Gold, silver, cadmium, ceramic, aluminum oxide
nanowears, carbon, silicon, and germanium
nanotubes, zinc oxide nanocrystal, gold nanowafers, and copper oxide nanocubes

203
Q

Toxicology profile is fairly novel

A

Nanomaterials

204
Q

Route of entry of nano materials?

A

Inhalation, oral, dermal, parenteral

205
Q

T or F: Nanomaterial toxicity may be both similar and different from the larger, bulk materials

A

T

206
Q

Nanomaterials can cross and penetrate what?

A

Can cross cellular membranes, penetrate nuclear material and genetic information

207
Q

Demonstrated to produce kidney toxicity in humans

A

Silica

208
Q

Toxic to human liver cells, hepatocellular damage

A

Zinc oxide

209
Q

Cytotoxic in human lung cells

A

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

210
Q

Used in sunscreens, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and products toxic to the lungs

A

Titanium dioxide

2nd Year 2nd Term (38 decks)

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