Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2nd Year 2nd Term > MT6312 LEC UNIT 4 > Flashcards

MT6312 LEC UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as chronic diseases

A

Communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Non-communicable diseases are of_____ duration and generally _____ progression

A

long
slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-communicable diseases are a result from combinations of _____,______,_____ and _____ factors

A

genetic, physiological,
environmental and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Characteristics of Non-communicable disease

A
  • Complex etiology (causes)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Non-contagious origin
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
  • Incurability
  • Insidious onset
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characteristic, condition, or behaviour that increases the likelihood of getting a disease or injury

A

Risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Risk factors can either be ____ or _____

A

modifiable or nonmodifiable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Surveillance of non-communicable can be difficult because of?

A
  1. Lag time between exposure and health condition,
  2. More than one exposure for a health condition, and
  3. Exposure link to more than one health condition .
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_______ are needed to prevent disease.

A

Intervention that target risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factor surveillance cycle

A

Change people’s behavior
Reduce risk
Reduce burden of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention

A

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Race, and
  4. Family history (genetics)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A behavioral risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease.

A

Modifiable Risk Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

WHO has prioritized the following FOUR Modifiable Risk Factors, which are?

A
  1. Physical Inactivity
  2. Tobacco use
  3. Alcohol use, and
  4. Unhealthy diets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tobacco kills up to how much of its users?

A

Half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Annual death toll of tobacco can rise up to ____ by 2030

A

8million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nearly 80% of the world’s 1 billion smokers live in ______ and ______ – income countries.

A

low – and in middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Among smokers, what are some sicknesses that could develop?

A

Cancer
Coronary heart disease
Lung disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Stroke
Fetal complications and stillbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most countries have increased overall daily consumption of?

A
  1. Daily calories,
  2. Fats and meats and
  3. Energy dense and nutrient- poor foods such as:
    - starches
    - refined sugars
    - trans-fats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Unhealthy Diet: Health Effects

A

Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
Type 2 Diabetes
Hypertension
Liver and gallbladder disease
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

____ of the world’s population does not get enough physical activity.

A

31%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Many social and economic changes contribute to physical inactivity, which are?

A
  • Aging populations
  • Transportation, and
  • Communication technology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

____ of major NCDs worldwide is attributable to physical inactivity

A

6-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ of all global drinkers are episodic, heavy drinkers.

A

11.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____ people die from alcohol consumption per year.

A

2.5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning.
Metabolic
26
_____ can lead to metabolic/physiologic changes.
Behaviors (modifiable risk factors)
27
WHO has prioritized the following four metabolic risk factors, which are?
1. Raised blood pressure 2. Raised total cholesterol 3. Elevated glucose 4. Overweight and Obesity
28
TOP 3 Leading Non-Communicable Diseases (Mortality rates) in the Philippines, both sexes, all ages in 2017 is?
Cardiovascular disease Neoplasms Diabetes and CKD
29
Group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
30
The number 1 cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
31
Symptoms of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
1. Heart attack 2. Arrythmia 3. Heart failure
32
disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
Coronary Heart Disease
33
disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain
Cerebrovascular Disease
34
disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
Peripheral Arterial Disease
35
damage to the heart muscle and heart valves caused by streptococcal bacteria
Rheumatic Heart Disease
36
malformations of heart structure existing at birth
Congenital Heart Disease
37
blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs
Deep Vein Thrombosis And Pulmonary Embolism
38
Major Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular disease
1. High BP 2. Abnormal blood lipids 3. Tobacco use 4. Physical inactivity 5. Obesity 6. Unhealthy diet (salt) 7. Diabetes
39
Other modifiable RFs for Cardiovascular disease
1. Low socio-economic status 2. Mental ill-health (depression) 3. Psychosocial stress 4. Heavy alcohol use 5. Use of certain medication 6. Lipoprotein
40
“Novel” Risk Factors for Cardiovascular disease
1. Excess homocysteine in blood 2. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein) 3. Abnormal blood coagulation (elevated blood levels of fibrinogen)
41
A chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces leading to hyperglycemia
DIABETES MELLITUS
42
DM may lead to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the _____ and ______
nerves and blood vessels
43
Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in ____ and ______ income countries
middle- and low-
44
The number of people with diabetes has risen from ____ in 1980 to _____ in 2014
108 million 422 million
45
An estimated _____ deaths were directly caused by diabetes
1.5 million
46
previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset
DM 1
47
T or F: DM1 is of unknown cause and not preventable with current knowledge
T
48
characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin
DM1
49
DM 2 previously known as?
non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset
50
Why was DM2 formerly called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset?
Due to the body’s ineffective use of insulin
51
DM2 is a result of?
Result of excess body weight and physical inactivity
52
a temporary condition that occurs in pregnancy and carries long-term risk of type 2 diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
53
Characteristic glucose levels in gestational DM?
hyperglycaemia with blood glucose values above normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes
54
How id gestational DM diagnosed?
prenatal screening, rather than through reported symptoms
55
Signs and Symptoms of DM
1. Polyuria 2. Polydipsia 3. Polyphagia 4. Weight loss (type 1) 5. Weight gain (type 2) 6. Vision changes 7. Fatigue
56
RFs of DM
1. Genetics 2. Age 3. Family history 4. Unhealthy diet 5. Physical inactivity 6. Obesity
57
Major modifiable RFs for DM
1. Unhealthy diet 2. Physical inactivity 3. Obesity 4. High BP 5. High Cholesterol
58
Other modifiable RFs for DM
1. Low Socio-economic status 2. Heavy alcohol use 3. Psychological stress 4. High consumption of sugar – sweetened beverages 5. Low consumption of fiber
59
Non-modifiable RFs for DM
1. Increased age 2. Family history/Genetics 3. Race 4. Distribution of fat
60
Other RFs for DM
1. Low birth weight 2. Presence of autoantibodies
61
Cancer is also known as?
malignant tumors and neoplasms
62
generic term for a large group of diseases due to the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs
Cancer
63
Cancer arises from?
transformation of normal cells into tumor cells in a multistage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumor
64
Causes of cancer
Chemical, Physical and Biological Carcinogen Person's genetics
65
RFs for Cancer
Biomedical factors (Genetic susceptibility, hormonal factors in females) Lifestyle (Smoking, alcohol, Physical activity, Chronic infections, Diet) Environmental (sunlight, radiation, occupational exposure, pollution)
66
Common Oncoviruses
Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus-1 --> T-cell Leukemia Human Papillomavirus --> Cervical cancer Hepatitis B and C virus --> Hepatocellular carcinoma Human Immunodeficiency virus --> Kaposi’s sarcoma and non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma Epstein-Barr virus --> Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer
67
EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER through?
1. Early diagnosis 2. Screening
68
Steps for early diagnosis of cancer
1. Awareness and accessing care 2. Clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and staging 3. Access to treatment
69
Examples of Screening Methods for cancer
* Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for cervical cancer in low-income settings * HPV testing for cervical cancer * PAP cytology test for cervical cancer in middle- and high-income settings * Mammography screening for breast cancer in settings with strong or relatively strong health systems.
70
diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES
71
Are CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES curable?
No
72
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES examples
ASTHMA CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
73
common lung condition that causes sporadic breathing difficulties
Asthma
74
chronic disease where in the lining of the bronchial tubes swell, causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs
Asthma
75
Asthma is common in?
Children
76
Globally,_____ people currently suffer from asthma
235 million
77
According to WHO, there were ____ deaths due to asthma in 2015
383 000
78
lung disease that is characterized by a persistent reduction of airflow
COPD
79
COPD is caused by?
by a mixture of small airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema)
80
RFs for COPD?
1. Cigarette smoking 2. Indoor air pollution (such as solid fuel used for cooking and heating) 3. Outdoor air pollution 4. Occupational dusts and chemicals (such as vapors, irritants, and fumes) 5. Frequent lower respiratory infections during childhood

2nd Year 2nd Term (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions