MTAP 1 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Each kidney contains approximately how many nephrons
A
1 - 1.5 million nephrons
2
Q
The kidneys receive approximately how many percent of blood from the heart.
A
25%
3
Q
Carries blood TO the glomerulus
A
Afferent arteriole
4
Q
Carries blood FROM the glomerulus
A
Efferent arteriole
5
Q
Surrounds the PCT and DCT
A
Peritubular capillaries
6
Q
Located adjacent to the Loops of Henle in the Juxtamedullary Nephrons
A
Vasa recta
7
Q
TOTAL RENAL BLOOD FLOW
A
1200 mL/minute
8
Q
TOTAL RENAL PLASMA FLOW
A
600-700 mL/minute/kidney
9
Q
High Hydrostatic Pressure enhances
A
Glomerular Filtration
10
Q
Location of Juxtaglomerular cells
A
Afferent arterioles
11
Q
Location of Macula densa cells
A
Distal convoluted tubules
12
Q
Stimulus of Juxtaglomerular cells
A
Low Blood Pressure
13
Q
Stimulus of Macula densa cells
A
Low Plasma Sodium
14
Q
Mechanisms of action of Angiotensin II to increase BP
A
Vasodilation of afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
Stimulates reabsorption of Sodium in the PCT
Triggers the release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
15
Q
Removing the substances from the filtrate back to the blood
A
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
16
Q
MAJOR SITE OF REABSORPTION
A
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
17
Q
Substances that are part of active transport
A
Glucose
Amino acid
Salts
Chloride
Sodium
18
Q
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) reabsorbs what substances
A
Glucose
Amino acids
Salts
19
Q
Ascending Loop of Henle reabsorbs what substance
A
Chloride
20
Q
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) reabsorbs what substance
A
Sodium
21
Q
It uses carrier protein
A
Active transport
22
Q
It uses a concentration gradient
A
Passive transport
23
Q
GLUCOSE RENAL THRESHOLD
A
160-180mg/dL
24
Q
what is the Ultrafiltrate specific gravity
A
SG: 1.010
25
Urine Concentration begins in
Descending and Ascending Loop of Henle
26
responds to the body’s need for sodium
produced and released from the adrenal cortex
promotes sodium reabsorption in the DCT and potassium secretion
Aldosterone
27
responds to the body’s state of hydration
produced in the hypothalamus
released by posterior pituitary gland
Anti-diuretic hormone/ADH/Vasopressin
28
Passage of substances from the blood to the filtrate for excretion
Tubular secretion
29
Major site of secretion
Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT)
30
Standard test used to measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli by measuring the rate at which the kidneys are able to clear a filterable substance from the blood.
Clearance Test
31
In passive transport all parts of the nephron EXCEPT for Ascending Loop of Henle reabsorbs what substance
Water
32
In passive transport PCT and Ascending Loop of Henle reabsorbs what substance
Urea
33
In passive transport Ascending Loop of Henle reabsorbes what substance
Sodium
34
Medications that may cause a false increase in creatinine clearance
Gentamicin
Cephalosporin
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
35
Originally the reference method for clearance tests
Reference research method
Inulin clearance test
36
Is a polymer of fructose which is extremely stable.
Inulin
37
Other substances that may be used for clearance tests:
B2-macroglobulin
Cystatin C
Radioisotopes
38
The most frequently used formula for eGFR
Cockroi and Gault Formula
39
Cockroi and Gault Formula variables
Weight
Age
Sex
40
Modifica>on of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) System Formula variables
Albumin
BUN
Ethnicity
41
An advantage of using eGFR is its capability to be computed even without
Urine creatinine value
42
What are the 2 water deprivation test
Fishberg test
Mosenthal test
43
Normal SG and Osmolarity in Water Deprivation Test
>1.025
>800 mOsm
44
A test where a patient is deprived of fluid for 24 hours
Fishberg test
45
Has no importance to the evaluation
of renal concentration ability
Urea
46
Glomerular Filtration Test
Clearance Tests
Calculated GFR Estimates (eGFR)
47
Tubular Reabsorption and Concentration Tests
Fishberg
Mosenthal
Specific Gravity
Osmolarity
48
Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow Tests:
PSP
PAH
49
60-90%: MAJOR ORGANIC component
Urea
50
MAJOR INORGANIC component
Chloride
51
Electrolytes concentration
Chloride>Sodium>Potassium
52
To verify that a specimen is a urine, test for the (organic contents).
Urea
Creatinine
53
Urine container volume for routine analysis
50mL
54
Urine volume on the container for routine analysis
12mL
55
Normal daily urine output
600 - 2000mL
56
Average urine output
1200 - 1500mLG
57
SG of random specimen
1.003 - 1.035
58
SG of 24 hour
1.015 - 1.025
59
Normal odor of urine
Aromatic
60
pH of random urine specimen
4.5 - 8.0
61
pH of first-morning urine specimen
5.0 - 6.0
62
pH of urine specimen normal protein diet
4.5 - 6.5
63
Normal urine protein
<10mg/dL or 100 mg/dL/24 hours
64
Normal urine glucose
15 mg/dL
65
Normal urine glucose (fasting)
2-20 mg/dL per 100mL of urine
66
Normal urobilinogen glucose
<1 mg/dL
67
Urine sample must be sent to the laboratory and tested within
2 hours
68
IF NOT PROPERLY PRESERVED, what parameters increases
pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite
69
Most routinely used method of preservation
Refrigeration
70
PRESERVATION method that causes precipita>on of amorphous phosphates (white) and amorphous urates (pink)
Refrigeration
71
preserves glucose and sediments well
Thymol
72
preserves protein and formed elements wells. Can be used for culture transport.
Boric acid
73
Excellent sediment preservative. Preservative for Addis count
Formalin/formaldehyde
74
A preservative that does not interfere with routine tests and is not effective against bacteria
Toluene
75
prevents glycolysis; good preserva>ve for drug analysis
Sodium fluoride
76
causes an odor change
Phenol
77
preserves cellular elements, hence, used for cytologic studies
Saccomanno fixative
78
used on automated instruments
Yellow Plain UA tube
79
decreases pH. Sample is stable at room temperature for 48 hours.
Preservative is sodium propionate.
Gray C and S tube
80
stable for 72 hours at room temperature
Cherry red/yellow top tube
81
TYPES OF URINE SPECIMEN for routine testing
Random
82
Ideal specimen for routine UA and pregnancy test (hCG)
Most concentrated; most acidic: for cell preservation of cells and casts
For evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria
First morning
83
For glucose determination
Fasting
84
For diabetic screening/monitoring
2 hour postprandial
85
Optional with blood samples in glucose tolerance test
Glucose tolerance
86
For routine screening and bacterial culture
Midstream Clean Catch
87
For bacterial culture
Catheterized
88
Most sterile
Bladder urine for anaerobic bacterial culture and urine cytology
Suprapubic Aspiration
89
Use of soft, clear plastic bag with adhesive
Pediatric Specimen
90
For nitrite determination
4 hour timed specimen
91
Alkaline tide happens at what time
2-4pm
92
Specimen for addis count
12 hour timed specimen
93
Volume of Urine Specimen for Drug Analysis
30-45mL
94
temperature of Urine Specimen for Drug Analysis
32.5 – 37.7C
95
32.5 – 37.7C is taken within
4 minutes
96
Oliguria on Infant
<1mL/kg/hr
97
Oliguria on Children
<0.5mL/kg/hr
98
Oliguria on Adult
<400mL/kg/hr
99
Color orange urine is associated to what medication
bilirubin
acriflavine
pyridium,
nitrofurantoin
100
Pyridium can be mistaken as
Bilirubin
101
Method for Specific gravity
Direct method
Indirect method
102
Direct method for specific gravity
Urinometer/Hydrometer
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
103
Urinometer/Hydrometer sample volume
10-15mL
104
Refractometer/ Total Solid Meter sample volume
1-2 qtts
105
Seldom of clinical significance; not
part of routine urinalysis
Odor
106
Foul, Ammonia-like
bacterial decomposition, UTI
107
*Fruity, Sweet odor
Ketones (DM, starvation, vomiting)
108
Maple syrup odor
MSUD
109
Mousy odor
PKU
110
Rancid odor
Tyrosinemia
111
Sweaty Feet odor
Isovoleric acidemia
112
Cabbage odor
Methionine malabsorption
113
Rotting fish odor
Trimethylaminuria
114
Bleach
Contamination
115
Unusual or Pungent
Ingestion of onion, garlic,
asparagus
116
Lack of odor in urine from patients with Acute Kidney Injury suggests
Acute Tubular Necrosis
117
pH 9 suggests
Unpreserved urine
118
MOST INDICATIVE OF RENAL DISEASE
Protein
119
major serum protein
found in urine
Albumin
120
Produced by the renal tubules and forms matrix of all types of casts.
Tamm-Horsfall Protein
121
Clinical Proteinuria level of protein
>30-300 mg/dL
122
Bence-Jones Protein precipitates at
40-60C
123
Bence-Jones Protein disappears at
100C
124
Undetected by reagent strips
Microalbuminuria
125
Methods for microalbuminuria
Micral test
Immunodip
Quantitative (24 hours urine)
126
Micral test sensitivity
0-10 mg/dL
127
Immunodip sensitivity
1.2-8 mg/dL
128
Reference method for albumin test
Heat and acetic acid test
129
A test with a principle where urine is coagulated by heat and precipitated by acetic acid (5-10%) and the
degree of turbidity produced is proportional to the amount of protein present
Heat and acetic acid test
130
SSA (+) and Rgt. Strip (+) =
presence of albumin
131
SSA (+) and Rgt. Strip (-) =
presence of proteins other than albumin
132
General test for glucose and other reducing sugars
Benedict's test
133
Non-specific for glucose
Copper Reduction Method/Clinitest Tablet
134
Compositions: Crystal violet and Safranin O
Delineates structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm
Sternheimer-Malbin
135
Enhances nuclear details
Toluidine
blue
136
Triglycerides and neutral fats: Orange-Red
LIPID STAINS: Oil Red O and Sudan III
137
Differentiates Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria
Gram Stain
138
Compositions: eosin y and methylene blue
Stains eosinophilic granules
Hansel stain
139
Stains structures containing iron
Prussian blue
140
Lyses RBCs and enhances WBC nuclei
2% acetic acid
141
Normal Acidic Crystals
Hippuric acid
Uric Acid
Calcium oxalate
Amorphous urates
Monosodium urates
142
Normal Alkaline Crystals
Amorphous phosphates
Calcium carbonate
Calcium phosphate
Ammonium biurate
Triple phosphate
143
Phenylalanine-Tyrosine Disorders
Melanuria
Tyrosyluria
Alkaptonuria
Phenylketonuria
144
