MTAP 2 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
kidney weighs
A
150g (male)
135 (female)
2
Q
urethra’s distance
A
20 cm
3-4 cm
3
Q
basic functional/ structural unit of the kidney
A
nephrons
4
Q
how many nephrons are there
A
1 - 1.5 millions in one kidney
5
Q
- seen in cortex alone
- for Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion (removal of wastes)
A
cortical nephrons
6
Q
cortical nephrons percentage
A
85%
7
Q
cortical nephrons is for
A
tubular reabsorption and secretion
8
Q
juxtamedullary nephrons percentage
A
15%
9
Q
loop of Henle extends into medulla for the concentration of urine
A
juxtamedullary nephrons
10
Q
percentage of cardiac output received by the kidneys
A
25%
11
Q
Total Renal Blood Flow
A
1,200 mL/min
12
Q
Total Renal Plasma Flow
A
600-700 mL/min
13
Q
carries the blood to the glomerulus
A
Afferent Arterioles
14
Q
carries blood from the glomerulus
A
Efferent Arterioles
15
Q
surround the PCT and DCT
A
Peritubular Capillaries
16
Q
- located adjacent to the loops of Henle in
juxtamedullary nephrons - major exchanges of water and salts take place
A
Vasa Recta
17
Q
coil of 8 capillary lobes collectively referred as the capillary tuft
A
Glomerulus
18
Q
how much is filtered through the glomeruli
A
120 mL/min, or one-fifth of the renal
plasma
19
Q
created by the varying sizes of the
arteriole
A
Hydrostatic Pressure
20
Q
maintained by the exchange of water
and salts in vasa recta
A
Osmotic Gradient
21
Q
the force exerted by albumin and other
proteins in the blood vessels
A
Oncotic Pressure
22
Q
repels molecules with NEGATIVE charge due to endothelial cells’ negative charge
A
Shield of Negativity
23
Q
which is a smaller size afferent or efferent arteriole
A
Efferent Arteriole
24
Q
what is the Glomerular Ultrafiltrate specific gravity
A
S.G: 1.010
25
what is the Glomerular Ultrafiltrate pH
pH 7.4
26
- regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus.
- responds to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
27
It secretes RENIN
Juxtaglomerular Cells
28
Juxtaglomerular Cells stimulant
Low Blood Pressure
29
Juxtaglomerular Cells found in
Afferent arteriole
30
Macula Densa Cells found in
Distal Convoluted Tubule
31
Macula Densa Cells stimulant
Low Blood Volume
32
First function to be affected in renal disease
Tubular Reabsorption
33
Active Transport by PCT
Glucose
Amino acid
Salts
34
Active Transport by Ascending Loop of Henle
Chloride
35
Active Transport by DCT
Sodium
36
Passive Transport by PCT
Water
Urea
37
Passive Transport by Ascending Loop of Henle
Sodium
Urea
38
Glucose renal threshold
160-180 mg/dL
39
Threshold Substances:
Sodium chloride
Amino acids
Potassium
Ascorbic acid
Creatine
40
when urine glucose is positive while
blood glucose is normal.
Tubular Damage
41
Tubular Concentration begins in the
Descending LH to Ascending LH
42
The final concentration is in the
DCT to collecting duct
43
selective reabsorption of water in an ascending loop of Henle and serves to maintain the osmotic gradient of
the medulla.
Countercurrent Mechanism
44
Involves the passage of substances from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the tubular filtrate.
TUBULAR SECRETION
45
major site for removal of nonfiltered substances (foreign substances such as medications) due to their stronger affinity to the tubular cells.
Proximal CT
46
Clearance Tests presents
Creatinine
B2-Microglobulin
Cystatin C,
Radioisotopes
47
- require the collection of a 24-hour urine sample along with
a blood sample
- endogenous procedure
- not reliable for patients suffering from muscle-wasting disease, heavy exercise, and for athletes taking creatine
Creatinine Clearance Test
48
Creatinine Clearance Test: Greatest Source of Error
use of improperly timed
urine specimen
49
Creatinine Clearance Test normal values for men
107-139 mL/min
50
Creatinine Clearance Test normal values for women
87-107 mL/min
51
the earliest GFR test (40% is reabsorbed)
Urea Clearance Test
52
- Inulin: polymer of fructose
- the original reference method for clearance tests
- gold standard for measuring GFR
- exogenous procedure (disadvantage)
Inulin Clearance
53
a small protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells
- Advantage: It is independent of muscle mass
Cystatin C
54
Cystatin C molecular weight
MW: 13,359
55
- dissociates from human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at a constant rate and is rapidly removed from the plasma by glomerular filtration
- not reliable in patients who have a history of immunologic disorders or malignancy
Beta2- microglobulin
56
Beta2- microglobulin molecular weight
MW: 11,800
57
can be valuable to measure the viability of a transplanted kidney
Radionucleotides
58
patients were deprived of fluids for 24 hours before measuring specific gravity
Fishberg Test
59
compared the volume and specific gravity of day and night urine samples to evaluate
concentrating ability
Mosenthal test
60
Influenced by the number and density of particles in a solution
is most useful as a screening procedure
Specific Gravity
61
has the disadvantage of requiring
large volume of specimen (10-15 mL)
Urinometer
62
determines the concentration of dissolved
particles in a specimen by measuring
refractive index; requires correction
Refractometer
63
measures only the number of particles in a
solution
Osmolality
64
Serum Osmolality NV
275-300 mOsm
65
Urine Osmolality NV
50 to 1400 mOsm
66
determined by first calculating the osmolar
clearance using the standard clearance formula and then subtracting the osmolar clearance value from the urine volume in mL/min.
Free Water Clearance
67
most commonly associated with tubular secretion and renal blood flow
P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) test
68
obsolete, historical, results hard to interpret
Phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) Test
69
Centrifuged is calibrated every
3 months
70
Centrifuged is disinfected every
weekly
71
Average Daily Urine Output
1,200 mL
72
Normal Daily Urine Output
1200-1500mL/ 600-2000mL
73
Polyuria in children
>2.5-3.0 mL/kg/day
74
Polyuria in adult
>2.5 L/kg/day
75
Oliguria in Infant
<1 mL/kg/hr
76
Oliguria in Children
<0.5 mL/kg/day
77
Oliguria in Adult
<400 mL/day
78
for detection of prostatic infection
Three Glass technique
79
Drug Specimen volume
30-45 mL
80
Drug Specimen temperature
32.5 - 37.7C
81
12-hour urine for
addis count
82
- will precipitate protein (large concentration)
- give a false-positive test for reducing substances
formalin
83
- floats on the surface of the urine
- flammable
Toluene
84
- Interferes with the acid precipitation test for protein
Thymol
85
- Urine culture
- Bacteriostatic to contaminants
- interferes with the pH reading
Boric acid
86
Routine UA Volume
10-15 mL (Ave: 12 mL)
87
not indicative of actual renal disease not indicative of actual renal disease
Prerenal Proteinuria
88
Bence Jones Protein: coagulates at
40 - 60C
89
Bence Jones Protein: dissolves at
100C
90
associated with true renal disease.
Renal Proteinuria
91
a cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein
Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test
92
Total volume of CSF in adult
140 - 170 mL
93
Total volume of CSF in neonates
10 - 60 mL
94
Xanthochromia if pink
very slight amount of oxyhemoglobin
95
Xanthochromia if orange
heavy hemolysis
96
Xanthochromia if yellow
conversion of oxyhemoglobin to unconjugated bilirubin
97
Lymphocytes> Monocytes
Adults
98
Lymphocytes< Monocytes
Neonates
99
associated with cytogenetic analysis
product of fetal metabolism
AMNIOTIC FLUID
100
AMNIOTIC FLUID method of collection
Amniocentesis
101
