Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

What is paracrine communication?

Answer 1

Chemical messengers between cells, being released into the ECF and travelling short distances (such as neuromuscular junctions)

Question 2

What is autocrine communication?

Answer 2

Chemical communication that acts upon the same ell

Question 3

What is exocrine communication?

Answer 3

The secretion of chemical communicators into ducts and organs

Question 4

What is endocrine communication?

Answer 4

Chemical communication between a cell and other cells at a distant location in the body through the bloodstream

Question 5

Which step of the Kreb’s cycle directly produces ATP?

Answer 5

Succinyl-CoA to succinate

Question 6

What is the total number of ATP that can be produced by glycolysis, Kreb’s and oxidative phosphorylation of a single glucose molecule?

Answer 6

38
2 each from glycolysis and Kreb’s
34 from oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

How much ATP does full metabolism of one fatty acid produce?

Answer 7

Significantly more than glucose metabolism, eg. oleic acid is 146 ATP

Question 8

In which part of the liver cells does ketogenesis occur?

Answer 8

The mitochondrial matrix

Question 9

In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is the bulk of protein absorbed?

Answer 9

Duodenum

Question 10

List 4 functions of saliva

Answer 10

1. Maintains oral pH
2. Has alpha amylase for starch digestion
3. Antibacterial properties
4. Lubricates mastication

Question 11

What is the first branch of a normal aorta?

Answer 11

The coronary arteries

Then the arch

Question 12

During phase 3 of ventricular cardiomyocyte action potential, the cells repolarise. How?

Answer 12

Efflux of K+ ions

Question 13

Which ion is responsible for the upstroke of the SA node action potential?

Answer 13

Ca2+ (not Na+ as in other cells)

Question 14

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most ventricular filling occur?

Answer 14

Diastole

Question 15

What is the tunica intima?

Answer 15

Endothelial cells separated by gap junctions

Question 16

What is the tunica media?

Answer 16

Smooth muscle cells

Question 17

What is the adventitia?

Answer 17

Vasa vasorum, fibroblasts and collagen

Question 18

What are the largest and most numerous glial cells in the CNS?

Answer 18

Astrocytes

Question 19

By which week of embryonic development can the three primary vesicles in the brain be identified?

Answer 19

Week 5

Question 20

By which week of embryonic development can the secondary vesicles in the brain be identified?

Answer 20

Week 7

Question 21

What is the innermost layer of tear film?

Answer 21

Lipid layer, secreted by meibomian glands

Question 22

What is the middle layer of tear film?

Answer 22

Aqueous layer, secreted by lacrimal glands

Question 23

What is the outermost layer of tear film?

Answer 23

Mucus layer, secreted by goblet cells

Question 24

What neurotransmitters primarily act on nicotinic receptors?

Answer 24

Acetylcholine and nicotine

Question 25

Which cells contain natural moisturising factor?

Answer 25

Corneocytes

Question 26

By what method does the majority of sodium cross the epithelium in the PCT?

Answer 26

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Question 27

What is the social model of health?

Answer 27

Focuses on the prevention of disease

Question 28

What was the main finding of the Acheson report (1998)

Answer 28

Higher priority must be given to the health of families with children