Will Giles SAQ

Question 1

How many ATP molecules are formed in the Kreb’s cycle?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

What are the substrates of ketogenesis?

Answer 2

Two molecules of acetyl-CoA

Question 3

What happens to acetone that is produced in ketogenesis?

Answer 3

It is breathed out (because it is volatile)

Question 4

Name two types of genetic testing in pregnancy

Answer 4

1. Amniocentesis

2. Chorionic Villi Sampling

Question 5

What are the 6 steps in the chain of infection?

Answer 5

1. Causative micro-organism
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of exit
4. Mode of transport
5. Portal of entry
6. Vulnerable host

Question 6

Define heritability

Answer 6

The proportion of the aetiology (cause) that can be ascribed to genetic factors as
opposed to the environmental factors

Question 7

Define haematocrit

Answer 7

A measure of the proportion of the blood that consists of red blood cells

Question 8

What change does the Fe cation in the centre of the haem group in haemoglobin undergo when it changes from oxyhaemoglobin to deoxyhaemoglobin?

Answer 8

Changes from Fe2+ to Fe3+

Question 9

What is, normally, the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood?

Answer 9

Neutrophils

Question 10

Give some examples of tissue-resident macrophages

Answer 10

1. Microglia
2. Osteoclasts
3. Kupffer cells
4. Mesangial cells in the glomerulus
5. Alveolar macrophages

Question 11

During pericarditis, referred pain to the shoulder is quite common. Which nerve is responsible for this?

Answer 11

Phrenic nerve

Question 12

Define compliance

Answer 12

How easily the heart chambers expand when filled with blood

Question 13

Which protein extends from the Z-line of the sarcomere to the M-line and helps to maintain filament alignment?

Answer 13

Titin

Question 14

Which paranasal sinus lies inferior to the pituitary gland and sella turcica?

Answer 14

Sphenoid sinus

Question 15

Where do gastric contractions begin?

Answer 15

In the gastric body

Question 16

How frequently does the large intestine contract?

Answer 16

Around once every 30 minutes

Question 17

How long does ingested food stay in the large intestine before it’s excreted?

Answer 17

18-24 hours

Question 18

Which artery, sympathetic nerve, and parasympathetic nerve supply to midgut?

Answer 18

Artery: Inferior mesenteric
Sympathetic: Lesser splanchnic
Parasympathetic: Vagus

Question 19

Which enzyme is responsible for converting Haem into biliverdin?

Answer 19

Haemoxygenase

Question 20

What type of epithelium is found in the gall bladder?

Answer 20

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

Question 21

When bilirubin enters the terminal ileum it is reduced by a bacteria. What is the first main molecule it obtains?

Answer 21

Urobilinogen

Question 22

State four features of the blood-brain barrier

Answer 22

1. Astrocytic end feet
2. Pericytes
3. Non fenestrated
4. Tight junctions

Question 23

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 23

Myelinating cells of the CNS

Question 24

What are microglia?

Answer 24

Resident macrophages of the CNS

Question 25

Name 2 structures that form the fibrous (outer) layer of the eye

Answer 25

1. Sclera | 2. Cornea

Question 26

Name 4 structures that form the vascular (middle) layer of the eye

Answer 26

1. Pupil 2. Iris 3. Choroid 4. Ciliary body

Question 27

Name 1 structure that forms the neural (inner) layer of the eye

Answer 27

1. Retina

Question 28

What is the name of the part of the thalamus where the optic nerve synapses?

Answer 28

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Question 29

The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe. What is the name of the sulcus that it is located near?

Answer 29

The calcarine sulcus

Question 30

In which part of the brain is the olfactory cortex located?

Answer 30

Uncus

Question 31

Which foramen separates the middle ear from the scala tympani?

Answer 31

Round window

Question 32

Which foramen separates the middle ear from the scala vestibuli?

Answer 32

Oval window

Question 33

Name the 3 arteries that are found in the spermatic cord

Answer 33

1. Testicular artery 2. Cremasteric artery 3. Artery to the Vas Deferens

Question 34

Name the nerves that are found in the spermatic cord

Answer 34

1. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve 2. Cremasteric nerve 3. Sympathetic nerve fibres

Question 35

Name the other structures in the spermatic cord

Answer 35

1. Vas Deferens 2. Pampiniform plexus of veins 3. Lymphatic vessels

Question 36

What does the left gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 36

Left renal vein

Question 37

What does the right gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 37

The inferior vena cava

Question 38

Which nerve, providing sense to the inner thigh, runs behind the ovary?

Answer 38

Obturator nerve

Question 39

What hormone is released by the Graafian follicle?

Answer 39

Oestrogen

Question 40

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

Answer 40

Progesterone (main one) and oestrogen

Question 41

What is the name of the male gamete that has undergone meiosis 1 and is about to undergo meiosis 2?

Answer 41

Secondary spermatocyte

Question 42

What is the epithelium in the proximal part of the urethra?

Answer 42

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

Question 43

What is the epithelium in the distal part of the urethra?

Answer 43

Stratified squamous

Question 44

In which region of the bladder does the start of the urethra lie?

Answer 44

Trigone

Question 45

What structures do the Wolffian ducts form?

Answer 45

Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles

Question 46

Name 2 sesamoid bones

Answer 46

Patella and pisiform bone of wrist

Question 47

What cells secrete osteoprogesterin?

Answer 47

Osteoblasts

Question 48

What are the four stages of Glaser & Strauss “Awareness of Dying”?

Answer 48

1. Closed awareness 2. Suspicion awareness 3. Mutual pretence 4. Open awareness