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Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissues

A

To move material through the body, to move parts of the body and produce movement, and to generate heat

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2
Q

What are the types of muscle tissues

A

Skeleta, cardiac, and smooth

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

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4
Q

What is excitability

A

Motor signal (stimulus/electrical impulse) sent from the nervous system to contract reached muscle and initiated a contraction

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5
Q

What is contractility

A

In response to stimuli, muscle contracts and shortens/attempts to shorten

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6
Q

What is extensibility

A

When a contraction ends, muscle cell can be pulled back to resting length by gravity or an antagonist

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7
Q

What is elasticity

A

Muscle can be stretched beyond its resting length and then shorten back to resting length

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8
Q

What are the 5ish characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Moves the skeleton (typically attaches bone to bone like joints but can also attach bone to skin or CT like in facial muscles), under voluntary control, striated, long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells/fibers, ranging from <1 in - 1 foot

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9
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Only found in the heart wall, under involuntary control (regulated by autonomic nervous system), striated, branched, mostly uninucleated (may have 2 nuclei), surrounded by endomysium, and connected at intercalated discs

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10
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Found within the walls of most internal organs (especially in tube-like structures), under involuntary control , small and spindle-shaped, uninucleated, no striatum’s (though they do have myofilaments), covered by endomysium, with ability to regenerate

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11
Q

What 4 structures are found in all 3 types of muscle cells

A

Nuclei, fibers (cells), sarcolemma (plasma membrane), and myofilaments (cytoskeleton units) including thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments

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12
Q

What’s the shortest skeletal muscle

A

The stapedius in the middle ear to dampen vibrations

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13
Q

What’s the longest skeletal muscle

A

The sartorious from outer hip, to inner thigh, to inner knee

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14
Q

What is the endomysium

A

Loose (areolar) CT surrounding 1 muscle fiber

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15
Q

What is the perimysium

A

Dense CT surrounding a muscle fascicle

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16
Q

What is a fascicle

A

A collection of muscle fibers

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17
Q

What is the epimysium

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding every part of the muscle

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18
Q

How does someone get stronger

A

The size of individual cells increases, unless there’s tearing, in which case multiple nuclei can heal as 2 different cells

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19
Q

What happens when someone stretches

A

Collagen fibers in the endomysium and perimysium are realigned

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20
Q

What is the function of arteries in muscle tissue

A

To provide oxygen and nutrients

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21
Q

What is the function of veins in muscle tissue

A

To remove cellular waste

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22
Q

What is the function of nerves in muscle tissue

A

To innervate muscle cells

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23
Q

What is a sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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24
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Rodlike bundles of actin and myosin running parallel within a cell

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25
What is a T tubule
An extension of the sarcolemma that goes into the cell and wraps around myofibrils (outside the z disc) to carry electrical stimulus into the cell like an extension of nerves
26
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores and pumps calcium ions
27
What is a sarcomere
Functional units (each one able to contract to shorten a muscle) within a myofibril that repeats the entire length of the myofibril who’s internal organization gives the striated appearance
28
What are myofilaments
Thin (actin) and thick (myosin) that ratchet/slide against one another during contraction (sliding filament theory)
29
What is a Z disc
A protein disc joining adjacent sarcomeres that defines the edge of a sarcomere and associates with a t tubule
30
What is an A band
Primarily myosin but some overlapping acting
31
What is the I band
Primarily actin, usually lighter in color and the space between myosin
32
What is titin
Large, spring-like/elastic protein that attaches the Z disc to myosin
33
What is a motor unit
1 motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervated
34
How many fibers/motor unit are in smaller units used for fine motor control
~10
35
How many fibers/motor unit are in large muscles
~200
36
What is another word for stimulus
Action potential
37
What is the end of a motor neuron called
The axon terminal
38
What is the neuromuscular junction
Where the neuron stimulates the muscle cell
39
How much can muscles shorten
About 1/3 of their length
40
What determines how much a muscle can shorten
Length of muscle fibers
41
What determines how much force a muscle can apply during contraction
Density of muscle fibers
42
What are the characteristics of parallel muscles
Muscle fascicles run parallel to the axis of the muscle, tendons on either end, look long and rope-like, fewer fibers, best at shortening because of longer fibers
43
What are the characteristics of pennate muscles
Strongest muscles, the tendon runs the whole length of the muscle, fascicles attach to the tendon at an angle, shorter fibers than parallel muscles which allows for more fibers, resemble a feather, comes in 3 types
44
What are the 3 kinds of pennate muscles
Unipennate (fascicles attach to 1 side or tendons), bipennate (fascicles attach to both sides of tendon), and multipennate (branching tendon with fascicles attaching at many points)
45
What are the characteristics of convergent muscles
Intermediate compared to the other muscle types, origin of muscle id long and broad, muscle fascicles collected like ponytail into tendon at insertion, fan shaped, more fibers than parallel, longer fibers than pennate
46
What are the characteristics of circular muscles
Fascicles arranged in a ring, sphincter muscles (not internal sphincters) that keep an orifice closed when contracted and constricted
47
What is the origin of a muscle
The attachment site that isn’t moved during a muscle action with lots of small dense regular CT fibers to connect
48
What is the insertion of a muscle
The attachment site that’s moved when a muscle shortens
49
What is the action
The resulting movement of a muscle contraction
50
What is a tendon
The dense regular CT that connects muscle to bone
51
What structure of bones are tendons continuous with
The periosteum (a dense irregular CT) where the collagen fibers between the two enmesh
52
What structure of muscles are tendons continuous with
The epimysium (dense irregular CT)
53
What is direct attachment
Short, dense regular CT fibers connect muscle to bone (usually at the origin where the fibers are more spread out)
54
What is indirect attachment
Visible tendon between 2 muscle fibers (usually at the insertion and more specific than direct attachment)
55
What is the aponeurosis
Flat sheet of dense regular CT (like tendons)
56
What are synergists
Muscles that work together to perform an action (any muscle helping the prime mover)
57
What are antagonists
Muscles that perform opposite functions
58
What is the prime mover/agonist
The muscle primarily responsible for a movement (always the contracting/shortening muscle)
59
What is the fixable
A synergistic that assists by holding a bone firmly in place to allow the prime mover to work more effectively (involved in stabilization, not movement)
60
What cellular junction allows cardiac muscle cells to contract in coordinated fashion and how
Gap junctions allow action potentials to quickly spread from cell to cell like hollow tubes
61
What do desmosomes do in intercalated discs
Provide strength and are the site where intermediate filaments are attached, also keep muscle cells from pulling apart
62
What is inherent rhythmicity
Cardiac muscle cells can initiate their own contraction without stimulation from the nervous system
63
What muscles is in the walls of blood vessels (hollow organs)
Smooth muscle
64
What do intermediate filament bundles attach to in smooth muscle cells
Dense bodies
65
What are the layers in smooth muscle and how are the typically arranged
Circular layer (closest to the lumen of the organ) and the longitudinal layer (wrapped around the circular layer) perpendicular to one another

Anatomy (16 decks)

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