Skeletal System

Question 1

How many bones are in an average adult

Answer 1

206

Question 2

What is the skeletal system made of

Answer 2

Bone, cartilage, nerves, blood vessels, and epithelial tissues

Question 3

What is present in cartilage

Answer 3

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacuna, extracellular matrix

Question 4

What is around cartilage (like a rind)

Answer 4

The perichondrium made of dense irregular CT

Question 5

Are there blood vessels or nerves in cartilage

Answer 5

No it is avascular

Question 6

Where are chondroblasts in cartilage

Answer 6

Between cartilage and perichondrium

Question 7

What are the three types of cartilage

Answer 7

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Question 8

Describe hyaline cartilage

Answer 8

Most abundant, mostly collagen fibers, a firm matrix that cushions and resists compression

Question 9

Where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 9

In the external ear and epiglottis

Question 10

Describe elastic cartilage

Answer 10

Mostly elastic fibers with some collagen, able to withstand repeated bending, not innervated but surrounding tissues are

Question 11

Where is hyaline cartilage

Answer 11

In the articulate cartilage of joints, costal cartilage, cartilages in the nose, as well as the larynx, thyroid cartilage, cricoid, trachea, and respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax

Question 12

Where is fibrocartilage in the body

Answer 12

I’m intervertebral discs, the meniscus, and pubic symphysis

Question 13

Describe fibrocartilage

Answer 13

Higher concentration of collagen fibers than hyaline, no elastic fibers, less water, strongest and able to resist tension and absorb compressive forces

Question 14

What is the function cartilage

Answer 14

To provide flexibility

Question 15

What 6 functions are associated with the skeleton

Answer 15

Support (framework for attachment and support for soft tissues), movement (works with muscular system), protection (hard covering for brain, spinal cord, ribs, etc.), mineral reservoir (Ca and phosphates store in matrix for when body needs), hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis (has red bone marrow to produce red blood cells), and endocrine function (osteoblasts secrete hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels while producing fibers)

Question 16

Are bones organs

Answer 16

Yes, they have epithelial tissue, Bone CT and dense CT

Question 17

What are the 4 shapes of bone

Answer 17

Long bones (digits except wrist and ankle, humorous, etc.), short bones (wrist and ankle, trapezoid, etc.), flat bones (in skull and sternum), and irregular bones (vertebra)

Question 18

What is the structure of flat, irregular, and short bones

Answer 18

Spongy bone sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone

Question 19

What is the structure of the long bone

Answer 19

A diaphysis with a medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow between two epiphyses (proximal made of spongy bone closest to body and distal furthest from body)

Question 20

What is yellow bone marrow

Answer 20

Full of adipocytes (fat cells) and replaces red bone marrow between 8-18 years old

Question 21

What is the endosteum

Answer 21

Surrounds yellow blood marrow, made of loose Ct, osteogenic (new growth happens here), containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 22

What type of cartilage is on the epiphysis of a bone

Answer 22

Articular hyaline cartilage to prevent bone on bone contact

Question 23

What is the epiphyseal plate

Answer 23

The growth plate where active growth occurs in the long bone

Question 24

What is the epiphyseal line

Answer 24

The region of bone that is left behind when cartilage leaves/ossified growth plate that forms when growth is done

Question 25

From epiphysis to diaphysis, what are the layers of hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate of a growing bone

Answer 25

Resting, proliferation (where cells undergo mitosis), hypertrophic (older cartilage cells enlarging), calcification (matrix calcifies, cartilage cells dies, matrix starts deteriorating), and ossification (new bone formation is occurring)

Question 26

What are the steps in an epiphyseal plate

Answer 26

New cartilage, space gets bigger, calcifies, turns to bone

Question 27

What is the mnemonic for the organization of hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate of growing bone

Answer 27

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Question 28

In the growth plate, which part is growing

Answer 28

The diaphysis grows in length and pushes the epiphysis away

Question 29

What is the periosteum

Answer 29

Dense irregular CT surrounding outside of bone except where articular cartilage is that is osteogenic containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts that actively remodels bone and allows for widening

Question 30

What are perforating fibers

Answer 30

Bundles of collagen fibers that secure periosteum to bone because the collagen fibers from dense irregular CT and bone interweave

Question 31

What are osteoblasts

Answer 31

Cells typically on the edge of bone that make new cells and secreted the osteoid

Question 32

What are osteocytes

Answer 32

Mature osteoblasts typically inside bone after being trapped that signal and maintain chemical levels

Question 33

What are osteoclasts

Answer 33

Cells that break down old matrix and bone via HCl to allow for remodeling and help maintain homeostasis, releasing broken down material into the bloodstream

Question 34

What are nutrient arteries

Answer 34

Arteries that pierce the periosteum to supply bone with blood

Question 35

What is the osteoid

Answer 35

The organic portion of bone matrix made of collagen fibers and ground substance

Question 36

What is the inorganic portion of the bone matrix

Answer 36

Miners crystals of calcium and phosphates called hydroxyapatite that harden and surround collagen

Question 37

What is the matrix

Answer 37

The non-cellular portion of bone

Question 38

What is an osteon

Answer 38

A structural unit of compact bone

Question 39

What is the central canal in compact bone

Answer 39

The center of osteon

Question 40

What are lamellae in compact bone

Answer 40

Rings of bone

Question 41

What are canaliculus in compact bone

Answer 41

Channels that connect lacunae allowing for nutrient and oxygen transport

Question 42

What are circumferential lamella in compact bone

Answer 42

Rings that run around the circumference of diaphysis just under the periosteum

Question 43

What is the endosteum

Answer 43

Loose CT lines bony canals and covers trabeculae that makes new bones and lines canals

Question 44

What is another word for compact bone

Answer 44

Cortical bone

Question 45

What are interstitial lamella

Answer 45

Remnants of old osteons in the process of being broken down

Question 46

How are fibers arranged in adjacent lamella

Answer 46

Perpendicular to one another to increase strength and resist applied forces to bone

Question 47

What is another word for spongy bone

Answer 47

Trabecular bone

Question 48

What are trabeculae

Answer 48

Beams of spongy bone with osteocytes lined by endosteum, the space between which is filled with red bone marrow

Question 49

How are lamellae arranged in spongy bone

Answer 49

Like a sheet instead of rings

Question 50

What is spongy bone good for

Answer 50

Resisting forces in many directions and forming a lighter skeleton

Question 51

What is compact bone better for

Answer 51

The stronger bone type for resisting forces in one direction and storing minerals in its matrix

Question 52

What extra function do osteocytes play in spongy bone

Answer 52

They sense local changes in strain

Question 53

What does endochondral ossification mean

Answer 53

Bone forms within cartilage

Question 54

What are the 2 ways bone grow

Answer 54

Can be intramembranous or endochondral

Question 55

What happens in intramembranous bone growth

Answer 55

Bone forms directly from embryonic tissue called medenchyme full of stem cells (e.g. in skull and clavicle)

Question 56

What happens in endochondral bone growth

Answer 56

Hyaline cartilage forms as precursor to bone and is then replaced by bone (e.g. most bones, growth plates and pieces of cartilage)

Question 57

What is the purpose of the ruffled border of the osteoclast

Answer 57

The membrane gives more surface to secrete HCl

Question 58

What are the stages of healing of a bone fracture

Answer 58

Hematoma formation then fibrocartilaginous callus formation (dense CT with hyaline and fibrocartilage) where collagen grows into hematoma for strength around damaged bone, bony callus forms (trabeculae first), bone remodels (can be stronger because the compact bone is thicker)

Question 59

What is osteomalacia

Answer 59

Often in kids, lack of nutrients or UV light that makes it so that there’s not enough calcium (via ingestion or absorption) to add to the matrix, causing them to be softer and bend over time with weight and force

Question 60

What is osteoporosis

Answer 60

Weakening of already constructed bones creating porous appearance because the matrix is being broken down faster than healthy bone can be added back caused by low androgens, limited calcium intake, genetic predisposition, and/or smaller skeleton