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Respiratory System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system

A

Bring in oxygen to fuel cells and remove CO2, produce sound (air over vocal folds), smell (air past receptors in nasal cavity), protection (coughing and sneezing to clear airways)

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2
Q

What are the three kinds of respiration

A

Ventilation (breathing), gas exchange (external and internal between cells), and oxygen utilization by cells

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3
Q

Can gas exchange occur between capillaries in the skin and the surrounding air

A

No

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4
Q

Where is the first place gas exchange can happen

A

Between the air and red blood cells in the lungs

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5
Q

Where is internal respiration

A

Everywhere other than the red blood cells in the lungs

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6
Q

What are the zones in the respiratory system

A

Conduction zone (bulk that transports air), respiratory zone (where external gas exchange occurs)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone

A

Transports air in and out of lungs/alveoli, warms and humidified air via tissues, and filters out dust and other harmful particles (mucus traps and rids it)

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8
Q

What “organs” make up the conducting zones

A

Trachea, main/primary bronchus, secondary/lobar bronchus, segmental/tertiary bronchus

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9
Q

What makes up the respiratory zones

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli (air sacs)

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10
Q

What are the 6 regions of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, and lungs

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11
Q

What are the support structures or the external nose

A

Nasal bone, hyaline cartilage, and dense CT

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12
Q

What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity

A

Filter, warm, humidify air, smell (receptor cells), and speech (resonating chamber)

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13
Q

What makes up the epithelium of the nasal cavity (3 things)

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar/PCC, lots of goblet cells, underlying lamina propria with erythrocytes (vascular, warms air, source of nose bleeds), nasal glands

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14
Q

What are the nasal glands

A

Serous cells secrete digestive enzymes to destroy bacteria, mucus cells secrete mucus to cover and protect (seromucous gland)

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15
Q

What is a mucus membrane

A

Epithelial tissue and underlying lamina propria

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16
Q

Why do we have runny noses in the winter

A

Cold air slows down cilia so they can’t move the sheets of mucus

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17
Q

What are the features of the nasal cavity

A

External nares and vestibule, nasal conchae, cribriform plate

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18
Q

What are the external nares and vestibule

A

Opening to nasal cavity lined by protective hairs/vibrissae

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19
Q

What are the nasal conchae/turbinates

A

Bony ridges (superior, middle, and inferior) that cause air turbulence to aid in cleaning air

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20
Q

What’s the cribriform plate

A

Lined with specialized receptor cells for smell

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21
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary air filled cavities lined by PCC

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22
Q

What do the paranasal sinuses do

A

Lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, with just one opening into the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is the nasal meatus

A

Opening for sinus into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

What is a sinus infection

A

Inflammation of epithelium caused by virus or bacteria that makes over-secretion of mucus, blocks meatus, and creates pressure

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25
What is the nasal septum
Bone and cartilage that separates nasal cavity in half
26
What is a deviated septum
Cartilage becomes misaligned which disrupts air flow
27
How is the pharynx divided
Nasopharynx (posterior nares to soft palate, PCC), oropharynx (soft palate to epiglottis, stratified squamous), and laryngopharynx (epiglottis to larynx, stratified squamous)
28
What defines the end of the nasal cavity
The posterior nasal aperture
29
What makes up the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils/adenoids (lymphoid tissue of immune system), pharyngotympanic tube (connects to middle ear)
30
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube
Opening of the tubes allows pressure to equalize because air can flow between the nasopharynx and the middle ear
31
What are the features of the oropharynx
Palatine and lingual tonsils (lymphoid tissue)
32
What is tonsillitis
Inflammation of palatine tonsils
33
What’s the function of the laryngopharynx
Connects the pharynx with opening to larynx (air) and esophagus (food)
34
What are the functions of the larynx
Air passage and voice production
35
What is the epiglottis
Elastic cartilage that folds over to protect the larynx from food
36
What epithelial tissue is the larynx
Stratified squamous above vocal folds (protects from abrasion), PCC below (mucus, cilia move mucus up and away from lungs)
37
What are the cartilage structures of the larynx
Epiglottis, thyroid (attachment site for vocal folds), cricoid (supports back of larynx), arytenoid (anchors vocal folds posteriorly)
38
What structures keep the larynx open
Hyaline cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
39
What are the vocal folds
Known as true vocal cords, sheets of elastic fibers covered by mucosa and suspended between thyroid (anterior) and arytenoid (posterior)
40
What do vocal folds do
Vibrate when air passes over, longer for lower voice, shorter for higher voice
41
What are vestibular folds
Known as false vocal cords, folds of mucosa thay support vocal folds
42
What is the rima glottidis
Space between open vocal cords
43
What is the glottis
Vocal folds and the rima glottis
44
What is laryngitis
Excess mucus production and inflammation that prevents proper vibration of vocal folds
45
What are vocal cord lesions
Polyp (vascular, larger, and blister like) or nodes (callus like scar tissue) result from overuse and trauma, can be treated with surgery
46
Rundown of Castrati
Castrated before puberty, low testosterone, larynx doesn’t enlarge (voice doesn’t change), but epiphyseal plates also don’t close normally
47
What is the trachea
Flexible with strong connection to the lungs, PCC with goblet cells, 16-20 hyaline cartilage (strength) rings joined by fibroelastic CT (flexibility)
48
What are the specialized mucus secreting structures in the trachea
Goblet cells and seromucous glands (submucosa)
49
What causes smokers cough
Toxins paralyze cilia causing a build up of mucus
50
What layer lines the epiglottis, trachea, and pharynx
The Adventitia
51
What muscle completes the back of the trachea and what does it do
The trachealis muscle regulates air flow by constricting (can play a role in asthma)
52
What is the carina
The last ring of tracheal cartilage where the trachea splits off
53
What is the function of the carina
Epithelial cells are very sensitive to irritants and excess mucus so it is protective because it can initiate a cough reflex
54
How does the bronchial tree branch
Main (1/lung), lobar (1/lobe), segmental (1/bronchopulmonary segment), bronchioles (lack cartilage)
55
What’s the anatomy of the main bronchi
Cartilage rings replaced by irregular cartilage plates, lined by PCC, right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical
56
If something gets into the airway, which one is it more likely to go into
The right lung
57
How many lobes does each lung have
Right has 3 (superior, middle, inferior), and left has 2 (superior and inferior)
58
How many bronchiopulmonary segments does each lung have
Right has 10, left has 8-10
59
How does smooth muscle change in the bronchial tree
It thins until it’s absent around the alveoli
60
What is bronchial asthma
Irritation of epithelium by allergens, cold air, etc activated mast cells and causes inflammation of mucous membrane, bronchioconstriction, and increased mucus secretions
61
What are common treatments for bronchial asthma
Bronchiodialators (inhibits smooth muscle contractions), glucocorticoids (reduces inflammation)
62
How does cartilage transition in the bronchial tree
Regular plates to irregular plates to none
63
How does epithelium transition in the bronchial tree
PCC to simple columnar (cilia and mucus cells reduced) simple cuboidal (no cilia or mucus cells) to simple squamous
64
What is the alveolar sac
An alveolar duct plus alveoli
65
What do alveoli do
Increase volume and surface area of lungs for gas exchange
66
What does the capillary network around the alveoli do
Gets red blood cells to alveoli for gas exchange
67
What structures make up the respiratory membrane
Simple squamous epithelium of the capillary wall, simple squamous epithelium of the alveolar wall (endothelium), and basal lamina (CT acts as glue)
68
What are the 3 cell types of the respiratory membrane
Bulk of type 1 (simple squamous), type 2 (cuboidal that secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension), macrophages (trap inhaled particles and remove them to mucus)
69
What are the cell types in the respiratory membrane
Bull of type 1 cells (simple squamous), type 2 (cuboidal that secreted surfactant to decrease surface tension), macrophages (trap inhaled particles and remove them to mucus)
70
What is the function of alveolar pores
Equalizes pressure between alveoli
71
What is respiratory distress syndrome
Type II cells not fully functional, premature infants can’t easily inflate collapsed alveoli. Can inhale synthetic surfactant
72
What is a lobule in the lung
1 larger bronchiole and it’s branches
73
What is a stroma of the lungs
Elastic CT surrounding and supporting connecting lobules
74
What cavity are the lungs in
Pleural cavity
75
What’s another name for the alveolar wall
Endothelium

Anatomy (16 decks)

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