Nervous System

Question 1

What are the divisions of the nervous system

Answer 1

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches)

Question 2

What are interneurons

Answer 2

Neurons of the CNS

Question 3

What happens to sensory input in the nervous system

Answer 3

Afferent, sensory receptors monitor internal and external changes, stimuli sent to CNS for processing

Question 4

What is integration of information

Answer 4

CNS processes info from multiple receptors and dictates a response

Question 5

What is motor output of nervous system

Answer 5

Efferent, initiation and activation of motor response sent through PNS

Question 6

Pneumonic for distinguishing afferent and efferent neurons

Answer 6

A before E (alphabetically)

Question 7

What are the 2 groups of cells in the nervous system

Answer 7

Neurons (excitable cells that respond to stimulus and carry an electrical impulse) and supporting cells (non-excitable cells that help neurons function more efficiently)

Question 8

What are the structures of a neuron

Answer 8

Cell body/soma (single nucleus and organelles), dendrites (receptive regions only in some), and axons (carry info away, end at axon terminals/synapse, often surrounded by myelin sheath)

Question 9

What are the characteristics of myelin sheaths in the PNS

Answer 9

Made of Schwann cells that insulate the axon so the action potential can travel quicker

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the myelin sheath of the CNS

Answer 10

Formed by ogilodendrocytes, like octopus the cell has multiple processes that can wrap around the axons of different interneurons

Question 11

What is multiple sclerosis

Answer 11

Gradual destruction of myelin in CNS (can’t stop it just keep from worsening), allows plaques to form and disrupt action potential, causes motor and sensory problems over time

Question 12

What is a nerve

Answer 12

A collection of many axons in the PNS (motor and sensory neurons)

Question 13

What is a tract

Answer 13

Collection of axons in the CNS (interneurons traveling in same direction)

Question 14

What are the characteristics of multipolar neurons

Answer 14

Most common, axon and 2+ dentrites, motor neurons in PNS and interneurons in CNS

Question 15

What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons

Answer 15

Only in PNS (retina and few other locations), axon and single dendrite attached at cell body, special sensory neurons

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a unipolar neuron

Answer 16

Only in PNS, typical sensory neuron, single axon connected via short process to cell body, no dendrites

Question 17

What are the characteristics of sensory neurons

Answer 17

Afferent, cell bodies clustered in ganglia, unipolar

Question 18

What are the characteristics of motor neurons

Answer 18

Efferent, cell bodies within CNS, multipolar

Question 19

What do visceral functions deal with

Answer 19

Viscera are organs within body cavities

Question 20

What do somatic functions deal with

Answer 20

Anything other than organs within body cavities, especially skeletal muscles and skin

Question 21

What are the 6 general somatic sensory functions

Answer 21

Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs

Question 22

What are the 4 special somatic sensory functions

Answer 22

Hearing, equilibrium, vision, and smell

Question 23

What are the somatic motor functions

Answer 23

Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

Question 24

What are the visceral motor functions

Answer 24

Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Question 25

What is the structure of a nerve

Answer 25

Organ made of cells (neurons and schwann cells) surrounded by CT to form fascicles and blood vessels between them

Question 26

What is the endoneurium

Answer 26

Thin reticular CT that surrounds axons and myelin sheaths

Question 27

What is the Perineurium

Answer 27

Fibrous CT (stronger than endoneurium) that surrounds fascicles of axons

Question 28

What is the epineurium

Answer 28

Dense irregular CT that surrounds the whole nerve

Question 29

What are the coverings of a nerve and what do they do

Answer 29

The endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium prevent neurons from communicating when they shouldn’t

Question 30

What is a synapse

Answer 30

Where neurons communicate with each other or other types of cells

Question 31

What are synaptic vesicles

Answer 31

Vesicles within axon terminals that house neurotransmitters, stimulated by AP to fuse with wall and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

Question 32

What are neurotransmitters

Answer 32

Chemical messengers (acetylcholine and norepinephrine) released into synaptic cleft

Question 33

What are the types of synapses

Answer 33

Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic

Question 34

What is an axodendritic synapse

Answer 34

Presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptic dendritic (most common)

Question 35

What is an axosomatic synapse

Answer 35

Presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptjc cell body

Question 36

What are axoaxonic synapses

Answer 36

Presynaptic axon synapses to postsynaptic axon

Question 37

What are the supporting cells of the CNS

Answer 37

Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendroxytes

Question 38

What are the supporting cells of the PNS

Answer 38

Satellite cells, and schwann cells

Question 39

What are the 5 characteristics of astrocytes

Answer 39

Star-shapes cells, most abundant, surround capillaries and neurons, nourish neurons (transfer glucose from capillaries), and take up excess neurotransmitters from extracellular spaces

Question 40

What are the characteristics of microglia

Answer 40

Smallest and least abundant, macrophages that engulf and remove invading organisms and dead/damaged neural tissue, protect brain from pathogens

Question 41

What are the characteristics of ependymal cells

Answer 41

Make up ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium of CNS, line central hollow portions (ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord), and cilia help circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Question 42

What do satellite cells do

Answer 42

Surround cell body and prevent info crossover when there are lots of soma close together

Question 43

What are ganglia

Answer 43

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies (protective place for them)

Question 44

What is Tic Douloureux/trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 44

Nerve disorder that causes sensation of stabbing pain or shock in regions of the face

Question 45

What is one cause of Tic Douloureux

Answer 45

Trigeminal nerve has sensory axons from touch, pain, pressure, etc. receptors all grouped in ganglion close to the brain, satellite cells degenerate so into leaks out to other neurons