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muscle tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Contractile tissues

A

muscle tissues are contractile tissues, they generate tension and movement

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Most are attached to the bones of the skeleton by tendons, called muscle fibers, perform voluntary movements, multinucleate, and they are striated

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4
Q

Multinucleate

A

Each cell has more than one nucleus

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5
Q

Striations

A

Alternating light and dark bands that can be seen when muscle tissue is examined with a microscope

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6
Q

What are some functions of the skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Producing voluntary body movements, maintaining posture, breathing movements, and generating heat

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7
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Found only in the walls of the heart, responsible for the heartbeat, uninucleate, striated, action is involuntary, has intercalated discs

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8
Q

Uninucleate

A

One nucleus per muscle fiber

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9
Q

Involuntary actions

A

Contraction and relaxation is not consciously controlled

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10
Q

Autohythmicity

A

The built-in rhythm of the heart created by the pacemaker

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11
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Interlocking attachment sites between cardiac muscle fibers

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12
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cell junctions that firmly hold cardiac muscle cells together

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13
Q

Gap junction

A

Protein channels for electrochemical signals to pass from cell to cell stimulate the heartbeat

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14
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Located on the walls of hollow internal structures, non-striated, spindle-shaped muscle fibers with one nucleus, involuntary control, move substances within the body, contraction of this muscle tissue can cause constriction and dilation

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15
Q

Peristalsis

A

the smooth muscle moves food through the gastrointestinal tract and produces a wave-like motion

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16
Q

Contraction of smooth muscles

A

causes constriction of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow and increases blood pressure

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17
Q

Relaxation of smooth muscle

A

walls dilate blood vessels, which increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure

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18
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to nervous stimulation or electrical stimulation

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19
Q

Contractility

A

Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated. If enough tension is generated, the muscle tissue shortens and movement occurs

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20
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to stretch without tearing

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21
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to the muscle tissues’ original length after stretching or after contracting

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22
Q

What tissue types do skeletal muscles contain?

A

They contain all 4 primary tissue types.

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23
Q

Tendon

A

is a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of the bone

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24
Q

Aponeurosis

A

is a broad, flattened tendon

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25
Areolar connective tissue
Surrounds and protects individual muscle fibers
26
Dense irregular connective tissue
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles
27
Fascicle
A bundle of 10-100 muscle fibers within a muscle. Are held together by dense irregular connective tissue. Give muscle its "grain"
27
Deep fascia
Refers to the sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds groups of muscles and separates the muscles into functional compartments
27
Embryonic development
100 or more embryonic stem cells called myoblasts fuse to form a muscle fiber, making the muscle fiber multinucleate
28
Satellite cells
Adult stem cells that develop from myoblasts and remain in mature muscle tissue
29
Fibrosis
Replacing muscle tissue with scar tissue
30
Hypertrophy
an enlargement of existing muscle fibers that result in muscle growth
31
Sarcolemma
the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
32
Transverse tubules
invaginations of the sarcolemma, tunnel in from the plasma membrane toward the center of the muscle fiber.
33
Sarcoplasm
is the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
34
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that encircles each myofibril
35
Mitochondria
organelles that use nutrients and O2 to produce ATP energy for the cell. Several mitochondria lie close to the myofibrils and provide ATP energy for muscle contraction
36
Sarcomer
the basic functional unit of a myofibril, extends from Z disc to Z disc
37
Z discs
protein structures that separate one sarcomere from its neighboring sarcomeres on either side
38
A band
the darker middle part of the sarcomere -- thick filaments extend across the A bands
39
H zone
the center of each a band, contains only thick filaments and no thin filaments
40
M line
runs down the center of the H zone, the M line contains supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments in position in the H zone
41
I bands
lighter bands on each end of the sarcomere contains only thin filaments
42
Structural proteins
align the thick and thin filaments properly within a sarcomere, provide elasticity and extensibility for the muscle fiber, attach the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and connective tissue
43
Contractile proteins
generate force during contraction and create movement
44
Regulatory proteins
Switch the contraction process on and off
45
Titin protein
connects a Z disc with an M line, titin can stretch to 4 times its resting length, and then recoil back to normal, titin accounts for much of the extensibility and elasticity of myofibrils and muscle tissue
46
Dystrophin
a structural protein that attaches the myofibril to the sarcolemma and to the connective tissue around the cell
47
Muscular dystrophy
s recessive X-linked genetic disorder in which there is little or no dystrophin protein produced in the muscle fibers
48
Thick filaments
made of myosin protein
49
Thin filaments
Consists of primarily actin protein
50
Actin
Provides myosin-binding sites where myosin heads can attach
51
somatic motor neurons
nerve cells that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract
52
Neuromuscular junction
a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
53
synapse
a junction between neurons or between neurons and muscle fibers where a chemical signal is transmitted from neuron to neuron, or from motor neuron to a muscle fiber
54
Axons
motor neurons branch into many axon terminals, which form neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers
55
Synaptic end bulb
the enlarged tip of the axon terminal of the neuron
56
The synaptic cleft
a fluid-filled gap in a neuromuscular junction between the synaptic end bulb of the motor neuron and the motor end plate of the muscle fiber
57
Acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter
58
Neurotransmitter
a chemical messenger released by the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft, released by somatic motor neurons is acetylcholine
59
Synaptic vesicles
membrane-bound sacs inside the synaptic end bulb, the synaptic vesicles contain molecules of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
60
Motor end plate
the region of the muscle fiber's sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs within a neuromuscular junction, contains acetylcholine receptors
61
Acetylcholine receptors
proteins embedded in the motor end plate, bind to acetylcholine
62
Excitation
contraction coupling refers to the connection between excitation by a motor neuron and the contraction of the muscle fiber
63
twitch contraction
a brief contraction of all muscle fibers in one motor unit in response to a single muscle action potential
64
myogram
a graphical record of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation of the motor unit
65
Latent period
a brief delay between stimulation by motor neurons and the beginning of the muscle fiber contraction
66
Wave summation
Muscle fibers in the motor unit are stimulated before the muscle is completely relaxed, this creates stronger and stronger contraction in the muscle fiber = summation of the force of contraction
67
Unfused tetanus
Muscle fibers are stimulated 20-30 times per second, partially relax between contractions, the result is a sustained but wavering contraction
68
Fused tetanus
Muscle fibers are stimulated 80-100 times per second, and do not relax at all, resulting in a sustained contraction called fused tetanus
69

Anatomy (20 decks)

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