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Bio 151 > muscles and the brain > Flashcards

muscles and the brain Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

3 regions of the brain

A

midbrain, forbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

case study that found out where emotions are localized in the brain

A

Phineas Gage

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3
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla, pons; basic fundamentals for survival/ living

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4
Q

midbrain

A

relay system; transmits information necessary for vision and hearing

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5
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, cerebral cortex; movement, sensory processing, emotions

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6
Q

cerabellum

A

coordinating movement and balance; integrate and redefine sensory and motor info

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7
Q

maddula

A

respiration, circulation, breathing, blood pressure, etc; autonomic NS

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8
Q

pons

A

transmit info from medulla/cerebellum to forebrain

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9
Q

thalmus

A

relay station for sensory info to brain; sends to specific specialized region

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10
Q

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

The hypothalamus produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitary gland, stimulating the release of pituitary hormones; endocrine system powerhouse

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11
Q

pineal gland

A

circadian rhythm; regulated production and circulation of melatonin

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12
Q

cerebral cortex

A

higher-level processing; language, memory, reasoning, thought, learning, decision-making, emotion, intelligence and personality

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13
Q

what does the folded struct in the cerebral cortex do?

A

increases the brain’s surface area so more neurons -> higher cognitive function

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14
Q

gray matter

A

soma and dendrites of neurons

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15
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons of dendrites

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16
Q

gyrus

A

ridge of the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

fissure

A

large furrow that divides the brain into lobed

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18
Q

sulcus

A

shallower grooves surrounding a gyrus

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19
Q

what cortex is in the frontal lobe

A

olfactory and gustatory cortices= taste and smell
*responsible for decision making and complex thinking

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20
Q

what cortex is in the parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex= detect pain, temp, position and vibration
*body and spatial awareness

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21
Q

what cortex is in the occipital lobe

A

visual cortex= processes visual info

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22
Q

what cortex is in the temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex= processes speech and sound

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23
Q

central suclus

A

separates the primary motor and primary somatosensory cortices; these 2 cortices in constant communication

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24
Q

limbic system function

A

processing and regulating emotions, memory, and learning

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25
key parts of limbic system
hippocampus and amygdala
26
hippocampus role
memory center; hold short-term memories and transfer them to long-term storage
27
amygdala role
emotion center; fight or flight responses
28
dopamine
happiness/ pleasure neurotrasmitter
29
serotonin
satiation of happiness neurotransmitter
30
start of reward pathway
VTA
31
4 parts of reward pathway
-amygdala: feeling the reward -hippocampus: having memory of that feeling -nucleus accumbens: understanding what you did physically to achieve that feeling PFC: focus on feeling
32
what happens to reward pathway activation as dopamine increased
increased activation
33
what happens when reward pathway continuously activated
more serotonin must be released to feel same level of satiation/ reward ex. drug addiction
34
physiological causes of depression
- not enough of a neurotransmitter made - not enough postsynaptic receptors - too fast presynaptic reuptake
35
depression is in imbalance of which neurotransmitters?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
36
cognition
the ability to take in, interpret and recall knowledge, learning and forming thought
37
what relays info to cerebral cortex
hippocampus
38
how is information solidified -> LTM
during sleep
39
synaptic plasticity
more we use synapse the stronger it becomes * enlarged dendrites * more ligand gated ion channels
40
process of learning
strengthening synapse through positive feedback -> makes easier to recall
41
long term potentiation
a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy following high-frequency stimulation of afferent fibers.
42
EEG
tracks brain activity by measuring electrical impulses
43
brain waves when awake
beta waves
44
brain waves when sleep
delta waves
45
stages of sleep: N1
drowsy, in between awake and asleep
46
stages of sleep: N2
onset of sleep; heart rate and body temp drop
47
stages of sleep: N3
deepest state of sleep and most restorative for bodyl blood pressure, metabolism and breathing drop
48
stages of sleep: REM
dream state and very restorative for the brain; happens 90 mins after sleep and every 90 mins in cycle * STM -> LTM
49
3 steps of learning
1) acquisition; new info comes in 2) consolidation; memories stabilize during sleep 3) recall; access stored info
50
3 types of muscle (rank fastest/ most power -> slowest)
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
51
what type of muscle does not have stratiaton
smooth
52
why can muscles get bigger/smaller
wrapped in connective tissues (flexible lining)
53
muscle bundle
a section of striated muscle wrapped in connective tissue filled with muscle fibers; a bunch of fused nuclei
54
myofibril
longitudinal parallel contractile elements of a muscle cell that are composed of myosin and actin.
55
stratiatons: thin filaments
actin
56
striations: thick filaments
myosin
57
how are muscles contracted
tropmyosin binds to actin
58
sacroemre
the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber; myosin and actin sliding past each other
59
A band
dark section of sarcomere that does NOT change length during muscle contraction; myosin and actin overlap
60
I band
light section of sarcomere that shortens during muscle contraction; only actin
61
how much shorter does the I band get during contraction
30%
62
what happens to filaments when muscles contract
thin filaments slide in (actin)
63
cross bridge cycle (4 steps)
1) myosin head binds to ATP -> detach from actin 2) hydrolysis of ATP -> ADP; myosin head cocks back 3) myosin head binds to actin binding site to form cross bridge 4) ADP released to produce power stroke -> thin filament slides
64
what happens to the sarcomere when the filaments slide
shortens
65
muscle excitation
motor neurons synapse with muscle cell -> release acetylcholine -> depolarize them (Na+)
66
t-tubules
sewer drains for Na+ ions -> depolarize sarcoplasmic reticulum -> release Ca++
67
what does Ca++ do
binds to troponin to moves tropomyosin out of the way so myosin can bind -> stimulated contraction
68
what happens when there is low Ca++
myosin binding site is blocked and muscle is relaxed
69
Antagonist Muscles
2 muscle groups working to do opposite things; flexion and elongation ex. biceps and triceps
70
agonist muscles
multiple muscle groups work to do the same thing; either flexion or extension
71
why do smooth muscles contract slower
-not striated so no troponin or tropomyosin -> less contraction force - less Ca++ pumps -> slower contraction
72
tetanic contraction
muscle contraction of sustained force
73
twitch
response from a single action potential fired
74
muscle action potenial differences from neuron
resting = -90 mV goes up to only +30 mV no refractory/ hyperpolarization period
75
force summation
second action potential fired before muscle has fully relaxed; increasing frequency of stimulation = greater force (summation)

Bio 151 (7 decks)

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