respiratory system and digestion Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
partial pressure
A
fractional conc of specific gas relative to other gases present
2
Q
what drives diffusion
A
difference in partial pressure
3
Q
what drives respiration
A
O2
4
Q
respiration byproduct
A
CO2
5
Q
diffusion physically
A
maximize surface area and concentration gradient
6
Q
pressure in lungs as you breath
A
neg pressure brings air into your lungs -> positive pressure as you breath out
7
Q
what part of NS governs breathing
A
both somatic and autonomic
8
Q
how much energy does breathing require
A
little energy; passive process
9
Q
capillary beds
A
a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrient located in metabolic organs
10
Q
tidal ventilation
A
like a wave; always fluctuating; stale air still in lung when you breath out
11
Q
inhale
A
ontracts, expand thoracic cavity; neg pressure
12
Q
exhale
A
relax, reducing volume of thoracic cavity; positive pressure; passive
13
Q
why is breathing only 25% effect
A
because stale air in lungs even after you exhale
14
Q
intercostal muscles
A
mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity
15
Q
diaphragm
A
muscle that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities in mammals
16
Q
trachea
A
central airway leading to lungs
17
Q
lungs
A
expand and contract during respiration; pleural cavity (slime) to prevent contact with ribcage
18
Q
bronchi
A
supply air from trachea to the lungs
* trachea -> 2 primary bronchi, -> secondary bronchi -> bronchioles
19
Q
bronchiole
A
tiny, fine branches of the bronchi that deliver air to alveoli sacs
20
Q
alveoli
A
transport fresh oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the bod
21
Q
pulmonary capillaries
A
small blood vessels that supply blood to the alveolar wall
22
Q
red blood cell function
A
carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body
23
Q
why are red blood cells special
A
-3/4 of all cells in body
-no organelles or cytoplasm
- donut shaped
- 270 hemoglobin proteins per cell
24
Q
hemoglobin binding sites
A
2 beta and 2 alpha O2 binding sites
25
hemoglobin saturation
saturated if all 4 binding spots bonded to O2
26
cooperative binding
once 1 O2 bonded to hemoglobin binding site, other sites what oxygen even more; exponential rate
27
lowest and highest partial pressures of oxygen in the body
???
28
pH affect on O2 PP and hemoglobin saturation
lower pH = higher H+ conc (from increased activity/ respiration)
- less saturated red blood cells because more byproducts of repsiration present to bind rather than O2
29
maternal vs fetal hemoglobin saturation
fetal hemoglobin more saturated because mother has to readily give up O2 to give to fetus
30
myoglobin
only has 1 binding site for O2; binds more readily to O2 and does not want to let go.
31
artery
carry blood away from the heart
32
vein
carry blood to the heart
33
veins below the heart: form and function
one way valve to help veins return blood to the heart
34
veins or artery: volume of blood in circulation
lower volume in artery
35
veins or artery: blood pressure
higher blood pressure in arteries
36
veins or artery: return rate
(more smooth muscle) faster return rate in arteries
37
veins or artery: muscles
more muscles in artery
38
resistance to blood flow (R) =
1/ (radius)^4
39
factors that impact resistance to blood flow
1) radius
2) distance traveled from heart, length of venule
40
rate of flow =
pressure/ resistance
*pressure (heart beat per min) required to overcome resistance
41
size of cross section vs. amount of circulatory system they makeup: aorta
largest cross section but make up least of system
42
size of cross section vs. amount of circulatory system they makeup: capillary beds
smallest cross section BUT make up most of system; maximize surface area for diffusion
43
distance from heart and velocity
further from heart = slowest velocity
* capillary beds = slowest
44
blood pressure vs osmotic pressure: arterial side
net force out of capillaries; blood pressure > osmotic pressure
45
blood pressure vs osmotic pressure:venous side
net force into capillaries; osmotic pressure > blood pressure
46
what goes into the capillary beds (venous side)
byproducts of respiration; CO2 and H+
47
3 chambered heart vs 4 chambered heart
4 chambered heart has separate chambers for O2 and CO2; maximizes gradient and is much more efficient
48
cardiac cycle: diastole
atria contracts -> fills ventricles (chambers) with blood; heart relaxes
49
cardiac cycle: systrole
ventricles contract -> pump blood out of the heart
50
heart depolarization process
1) SA node (pacemaker) node activated and atria contracts
2)AV node activated
3) action potentials sent through modified muscle (purkinje) fibers -> ventricles -> ventricles contract
51
EKG
measure electrical impulses to look at heartbeat;
-small increase: atria contract
- large spike: ventricles contract
52
atria
The two upper chambers in the heart , which receive blood from the veins and push it into the ventricles
53
how sympathetic NS regulates heart
increases heartbeat;
norepinephrine excites SA, AV and muscles fibers -> increase unloading in cap. beds increased heartbeat
54
how parasympathetic NS regulates heart
decrease heart rate to conserve energy via acetylcholine
55
regulating high blood pressure
blood vessels relax
56
regulating low blood pressure
blood vessels constrict
*ADH
57
what muscles increase blood flow when we are active
skeletal muscles!!!
58
3 parts of the gut
foregut, midgut, hindgut
59
foregut
mouth- stomach; pre absorption
60
midgut
small intestine; absorption
61
hindgut
large intestine- anus; expelling waste
62
inferior vena cava
drain deoxy blood from below the heart back to the heart
63
superior vena cava
drain deoxy blood from above the heart back to the heart
64
heart pumping blood to circuits
deoxygenated. blood -> heart -> pulmonary circuit (lungs) -> oxygenated blood to heart -> systemic circuit (body)
65
how does blood get from heart to pulmonary circuit
blood -> right atrium -> right AV valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> right and left pulmonary artery -> out
66
where does blood enter the heart
right atrium
67
how does blood get from heart to systemic circuit
right and left pulmonary veins (oxy blood) -> left atrium -> left AV valve -> left ventricle -> aorta
68
capillaries vs alveoli
capillaries: are blood vessels in the walls of the alveoli; blood CO2/O2 exchange
alveoli: small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
69
2 types of digestion
chemical and mechanical
70
key component of chemical digestion
enzymes and acidic environments
71
key components of mechanical digestion
teeth (grind/chew) and intestinal muscles (chern)
72
mouth function
ingestion; teeth grind up food, saliva salivates (enzymes), tongue moves food around to help swallow
73
enzymes in saliva
salivary amylase = breaks down carbs
salivary lipase = breaks down lipids
74
what governs the movement of food through the digestive system
autonomic ns
75
peristalsis
rhythmic muscular contraction that move food
76
pyloric sphincter
band of muscles at the base of stomach that regulate how much food is released to small intestine
77
stomach environment and its consequences
very acidic; proteins denature
* cells lining stomach secrete HCl to maintain pH
78
gastin fluid
secreasted when food arrives in stomach -> stimulates HCl and pepsinogen production
79
digestive enzymes in stomach
peptin (protein break down) and lipase (lipid break down)
80
functions of stomach
digest and store food
81
gastric glands
produce mucus to protect the stomach lining from HCl stomach acid
82
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
83
parietal cells
secrete H+ and Cl- from cell separately -> HCl -> turn pepsinogen into pepsin
84
pepsin
a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food
85
small intestine function
absorb and digestion
86
small intestine 3 parts
duodenum, jejunuim, ikeum
87
duodenum function
receives food from stomach; has to neutralize pH
88
how does duodenum neutralize pH
chemoreceptors bind to H+ from acidic stomach contents -> bind to hormone secretion -> signal release of bicarbonate
89
how are fats digested
CCK hormone released -> signal gallbladder to release bile salts to digest fat
90
where are bile salts made and stored
made in liver and stored in gallbladder
91
common bile duct
transfer bile salt made in liver -> gallbladder
92
pancreas function
creates enzymes for digestion
- endocrine: alpha cells for glucagon and beta cells for insulin
- exocrine: amylase, lipase, digest proteins
93
absorption of glucose (sigars and amino acids)
glucose Na+ cotransporter; use conc gradient of Na+ to being glucose into cell with no ATP
* leaky glucose channels bring glucose to body
94
what part of the small intestine absorbs
ileum
95
hepatic portal system
drains spleen, pancreas, GI tract, gallbladder to liver
96
liver functions
detoxify anything harmful, stores sugar as glycogen, gluconeogenesis (proteins and lipid -> sugar)
97
large intestine
absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination
98
large intestine gut microbiome
energy from byproducts of bacteria -> absorb
99
gut microbiome; lactose intolerance
lactose not broken down -> large intestine where bacteria break it down and produce gas.
100
osmoregulation systems: low water
hypothalamus creates feeling of thirst and signals posterior pituitary gland to release ADH -> kidney reabsorb more water
101
osmoregulation systems: high water
hypothalamus signals for less release of ADH -> kidneys reabsorb less water and release through urine.
102
how do you get water
food, water, byproduct of respiration
103
how do we lose water
sweat and urine
104
kidney function
get rid of nitrogenous compounds and save electrolytes and water by filtering blood
105
3 steps kidney function
1) filtration (turn into filtrate)
2) reabsorption (usafal solvents back into blood)
3) secretion: adds solute to filtrate -> turns to urine when transported to bladder
106
peritubular capillaries function
filter blood
107
vasa recta funtion
reabsorption
108
nephron
Each nephron has a glomerulus to filter your blood and a tubule that returns needed substances to your blood and pulls out additional wastes
109
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
110
renal medulla
inner part of the kidney; helps regulate the concentration of urine by filtering out water, salts, and acid
111
glomerulus
filters blood
112
Bowman’s capsule
forms extracellular space through filtration gradient
113
distal convoluted tubule
regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis; connects to collecting duct
114
proximal convoluted tubule
segment of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water; closest to bowman's capsule
115
path to collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule -> loop of henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct.
116
loop of henle
reabsorbs water
117
descending limb
has aquaporins; increased osmolarity as water flows out through aquaporins
118
ascending limb
has salt pumps; decreased osmolarity by actively pumping salt
119
urea recycling
urea goes back into ascending limb so it pulls out more salt and water; upregulated ADH -> urea transport proteins and aquaporins
119
high ADH effect on urine
increased permeability of collecting ducts -> water diffuse out of filtrate -> more conc urine
120
low ADH effect urine
less permeable collecting duct -> less water diffusion -> more dilute urine
121
how different organisms convert NH2
aquatic: NH3 (lots of water but low energy)
mammals: urea (less toxic but more energy)
birds, insects, reptiles: Uric acid (no water, energetically costly)
122
endothelial tissue
type of tissue lines our capillaries and allows for the exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and effector cells of the immune system
