muscles of back and anterior wall

Question 1

primary curvature/kyphosis

Answer 1

thoracic and sacrum

Question 2

secondary curvature/ lordosis

Answer 2

cervical

lumbar

Question 3

causes of cauda equina syndrome

Answer 3

Midline (large) herniation

Trauma, tumour, haematoma

Question 4

symptoms of cauda equina syndrome

Answer 4

• Bilateral LL weakness
• Numbness
• Incontinence
• Urgent surgical referral

Question 5

ageing disc degeneration

Answer 5

less cartilage - more bone

heterotopic bone growth

Question 6

symptoms of ageing disc

Answer 6

pain and nerve irritation

Question 7

why would gait analysis be useful

Answer 7

for initial diagnosis

Question 8

what conditions can gait analysis be useful for

Answer 8

Hemiplegic, antalgic, Trendelenberg, highstepping (foot-drop), festination (Parkinson’s)

Question 9

what does the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fasciae cover and what does it attach to

Answer 9

Covers erector spinae
Medially – attached to spinous processes of vertebrae (L&S)
Extends up to lower neck

Question 10

what reinforces the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 10

Reinforced by latissimus dorsi

Question 11

what does the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and where does it extend to

Answer 11

Medially – is attached to tips of transverse
processes
Extends from iliac crest to 12th rib

Question 12

where does the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia lie between

Answer 12

Lies between erector spinae & quadratus

lumborum muscles

Question 13

where does the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attach to and extend to

Answer 13

• Medially – is attached to anterior aspect of transverse
processes
• Extends from iliac crest to rib 12

Question 14

where does the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia lie anterior to

Answer 14

• Lies anterior to quadratus lumborum

Question 15

to groups of the musculature of the back

Answer 15

extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 16

what is the extrinsic group of the back muscle responsible for

Answer 16

limb movement and respiration

Question 17

name the extrinsic musculature

Answer 17

a) Trapezius
b) Latissimus dorsi
c) Rhomboids(major/minor)
d) Levator scapulae

Question 18

what is the intrinsic muscle responsible for

Answer 18

posture control column

Question 19

name the intrinsic muscles

Answer 19

a) Erector spinae
b) Splenius muscles
c) Transversospinal muscles

Question 20

how is is the extrinsic layer of the back muscle categorised

Answer 20

superficial and intermediate layer

Question 21

superficial extrinsic layer

Answer 21

• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi
• Rhomboids

Question 22

intermediate extrinsic layer

Answer 22

• Serratus posterior

Question 23

what nerve is responsible for the trapezius superficial nerve

Answer 23

accessory nerve

Question 24

what nerve is responsible for the latissimus dorsi

Answer 24

Thoracodorsal nerve (C 6,7, 8)
Spinal injury

Question 25

what nerve is responsible for the rhomboids

Answer 25

dorsal scapular nerve

Question 26

purpose of intermediate muscle serratus posterior

Answer 26

accessory muscles of respiration

Question 27

where does splenius MUSCLES attach to and with what ligament

Answer 27

C7 - T6 ligamentum nuchae to the back of the neck

Question 28

where does the splenius cervicis attach to

Answer 28

to transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae

Question 29

where does the splenius capitis attach to

Answer 29

Mastoid process & superior nuchal line

Question 30

three columns of the erector spinae

Answer 30

iliocostalis longissimus spinalis

Question 31

actions of the erector spinae - bilaterally

Answer 31

extend the head, or part or all of the vertebral column

Question 32

actions of the erector spinae - unilaterally

Answer 32

– laterally flex the head, or part or all of the | vertebral column

Question 33

actions of the erector spinae - longissimus

Answer 33

rotates head

Question 34

erector spinae actions

Answer 34

* It straightens the flexed spine * It extends the spine posteriorly * Its slow eccentric contraction controls flexion

Question 35

transversospinalis

Answer 35

• Fibres run from transverse to spinous processes

Question 36

three main groups of short muscles

Answer 36

Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores

Question 37

where does the semispinalis overly

Answer 37

multifidus transverse to spinous process from lower thorax to base of skull

Question 38

three parts of the semispinalis

Answer 38

* Semispinalis thoracis * Semispinalis cervicis * Semispinalis capitis

Question 39

where does the multifidus extend to

Answer 39

• Extend from upper sacrum to lower neck

Question 40

origins of multifidus

Answer 40

• Sacral, lumbar, thoracic & cervical vertebrae • Transverse processes (or eq.)

Question 41

insertions of multifidus

Answer 41

* Tips of spinous processes | * 2 – 3 levels above origin

Question 42

actions of multifidus

Answer 42

* Contracting bilaterally they extend trunk & stabilise spine * Unilaterally, they laterally flex & rotate the spine

Question 43

location of rotatores thoracis

Answer 43

Run from the transverse process to the base of the spinous process of the thoracic vertebra

Question 44

rectii of the back

Answer 44

Rectus capitus posterior major | Rectus capitus posterior minor

Question 45

obliques muscle of the back

Answer 45

Obliquus capitus superior | Obliquus capitus inferior

Question 46

layers of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer 46

``` superficial fascia external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis transversalis fascia extraperitoneal fascia parietal peritoneum ```

Question 47

where does the external oblique muscle arise from

Answer 47

lower 8 ribs and cervical cartilages

Question 48

insertion of external oblique muscle

Answer 48

iliac crest pubic tubercle linea alba (middle line in abs)

Question 49

in what direction does the fibres of the external oblique run?

Answer 49

inferiorly and medially - hands in pockets

Question 50

what does the lower free edge of the external oblique form

Answer 50

inguinal ligament

Question 51

origin of internal oblique

Answer 51

thoracolumbar fascia iliac crest inguinal ligament

Question 52

insertion of the internal oblique muscles

Answer 52

Costal margin Linea alba Pectin pubis

Question 53

in what direction does the internal oblique run

Answer 53

Superiorly & medially

Question 54

where does the transversus abdominis arise

Answer 54

Lower 6 costal cartilages Thoracolumbar fascia Iliac crest Inguinal ligament

Question 55

insertion of transversus abdominis

Answer 55

Linea alba Pubis symphysis xiphoid process

Question 56

in what direction does the transversus abdominis run

Answer 56

transversely or horizontally

Question 57

origin of rectus abdominis

Answer 57

Pubic crest & Symphysis

Question 58

insertion of rectus abdominis

Answer 58

Insertion: | cc 5-7

Question 59

in what direction do rectus abdominis run

Answer 59

Vertically Tendinous intersections “Six pack”