Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

function of bones

Answer 1

structural support and protection
levers for movement
blood cell formation
storage for calcium

Question 2

types of bones

Answer 2

compact

cancellous

Question 3

classification of bones by shape

Answer 3

long 
short
flat 
irregular 
sesamoid

Question 4

parts of long bone

Answer 4

diaphysis
epiphysis
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity

Question 5

physiology of joints

Answer 5

joints allow movement
muscles create movement
ligaments/joint capsule limit movement

Question 6

types of fibrous joints - immovable

Answer 6

suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Question 7

types of cartilaginous joints - semi movable

Answer 7

primary

secondary

Question 8

types of synovial joints - freely moveable

Answer 8

plane 
hinge 
pivot 
condyloid
ellipsoid
saddle 
ball and socket

Question 9

classification of joints

Answer 9

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 10

descrive fibrous joints

Answer 10

soft tissue that unites the bones is a dense fibrous connective tissue
no joint cavity

Question 11

describe primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

hyaline cartilage unites 2 bones
temporary union
no joint cavity

Question 12

describe secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

fibrocartilage in the form of a disc unites the 2 bones
discs can be quite thick - moderate movement
no joint cavity

Question 13

describe synovial joints

Answer 13

articulating bones united by capsule - outer fibrous layer
inner synovial membrane layer
synovial cavity and fluid
articular cartilage covers articular surfaces

Question 14

types of synovial joints

Answer 14

ball and socket joint
hinge joint
pivot joint
gliding joint
saddle joint
condyloid joint

Question 15

ball and socket joints

Answer 15

provides greatest range of movement

convex shape bone fits into concave shaped socket

Question 16

examples of ball and socket joints

Answer 16

shoulder and hip joints

Question 17

hinge joint

Answer 17

allows movement in one axes(uni-axial)

spool shaped bone and concave shaped bone

Question 18

example of hinge joint

Answer 18

elbow joint

Question 19

pivot joint

Answer 19

allows movement in one plane

surface of one bone is ring shaped and other bone is shaped to rotate within ring

Question 20

example of pivot joint

Answer 20

proximal radioulnar joint

atlantoaxial joint

Question 21

saddle joint

Answer 21

allows movement in 2 axes (biaxial)

both bones have convexity and concavity to its surface

Question 22

example of saddle joint

Answer 22

carpometacarpal/sternoclavicular joint

Question 23

condyloid joints

Answer 23

Allows movement around two axes / within two planes

One bone is concave and the other convex

Question 24

example of condyloid joints

Answer 24

Metacarpophanlangeal (MCP) / Radiocarpal (wrist) joint

Question 25

plane/gliding joint

Answer 25

Allows movement to occur within a plane but does not occur around an axis Surfaces of the bones are usually flat

Question 26

example of gliding joint

Answer 26

carpal bones

Question 27

major functions of muscular system

Answer 27

produce movement heat production maintain posture

Question 28

types of parallel muscle

Answer 28

``` fusiform sheet/flat strap convergent circular ```

Question 29

types of pennate muscle

Answer 29

unipennate bipennate multipennate

Question 30

3 ways muscles attaches to bone

Answer 30

directly through tendon through aponeurosis

Question 31

tendon

Answer 31

Inelastic bundle of collagen fibres that attach muscle to bone

Question 32

aponeurosis

Answer 32

a flat tendon | sheath of fibrous tissue

Question 33

origin

Answer 33

more proximal attachment

Question 34

insertion

Answer 34

more distal attachment

Question 35

agonist

Answer 35

primarily responsible for generating movement in muscle

Question 36

antagonist

Answer 36

responsible for opposing movement of agonist | important for proper posture and controlling and finishing movements

Question 37

synergist

Answer 37

assist agonist in creating movement | muscles working to eliminate undesired joint movement of another muscle

Question 38

fixators

Answer 38

holds one segment still so a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur

Question 39

types of contractions

Answer 39

isometric - same length | isotonic - same tension but different length

Question 40

types of isotonic contraction

Answer 40

concentric - shortening | eccentric - lengthening

Question 41

full range muscle work

Answer 41

shortest to longest possible length

Question 42

outer range muscle work

Answer 42

between longest length and midway point of range

Question 43

inner range of muscle work

Answer 43

between shortest length and midway point of range

Question 44

middle range of muscle work

Answer 44

between middle positions of inner and outer ranges

Question 45

tissues associated with synovial joint

Answer 45

``` tendon ligament joint capsule synovium bursa meniscus ```

Question 46

difference between tendon and ligaments

Answer 46

ligaments ireegularly arranged collagen fibres | can take on force from any direction

Question 47

tendon

Answer 47

Inert structure that does not contract Type 1 collagen → parallel alignment → transmit forces from muscle to the bone No elastic fibres

Question 48

tendinitis

Answer 48

inflammation of tendon

Question 49

ligaments

Answer 49

Collagen (70-80%) and elastic fibers | Irregularly arranged bundles of collagen fibers → accept tensile forces from several different directions

Question 50

function of ligaments

Answer 50

Attaches bone to bone Often reinforces joint capsule Provides passive stability to a jt., check / restrain too much mvmt

Question 51

joint capsule

Answer 51

Sheets of collagen fibres which form a fibrous cuff

Question 52

2 layers of joint capsule

Answer 52

Outer fibrous layer, strong, flexible, relatively inelastic, supported by ligs Inner synovial layer – synovial membrane

Question 53

bursae

Answer 53

Small fluid filled sac between bone and tendon | Lubricating device / reduce friction

Question 54

bursitis

Answer 54

inflammation of bursae