Muscles overview

Question 1

How much of the body weight is muscle

Answer 1

40%

Question 2

How is muscle created

Answer 2

Via myogenesis

Question 3

What cell does muscle create

Answer 3

Myoblasts

Question 4

What do myoblasts form

Answer 4

Multiple will fuse to form myotubes which will turn into muscle fibers

Question 5

What is the fascia on the muscle

Answer 5

Connective tissue that encases the muscles individually

Question 6

Where is the muscle fascia found

Answer 6

Outermost layer of the epimysium

Question 7

Where is the perimysium found

Answer 7

Subdivides muscles further into fascicles

Question 8

Where is the endomysium found

Answer 8

Wrapped around the individual muscle fibers

Question 9

What prevents muscles from sudden changes in speed and position

Answer 9

Fascia

Question 10

What part of the muscle is the largest

Answer 10

Muscle belly

Question 11

What makes up the fascicle

Answer 11

Muscle fibers

Question 12

What makes up muscle fibers

Answer 12

myofibrils

Question 13

What are myofibrils composed of

Answer 13

thick and thin filaments

Question 14

What is a muscle fiber

Answer 14

Singular muscle cell

Question 15

What are the contractile units of the muscle

Answer 15

myofibrils

Question 16

How are the muscle fibers differentiated

Answer 16

fast twitch fibers

Slow twitch fibers

Question 17

What determines the muscle twitch speed

Answer 17

nerve impulse

Question 18

What color are fast twitch fibers and what do they do

Answer 18

white

have large, fast conducting nerves

more anaerobic and wear out faster

Question 19

What are type 2 fibers

Answer 19

fast twitch fibers

Question 20

What color are slow twitch fibers and how do they work

Answer 20

Red (Aerobic)<- hemoglobin

Will contract for longer periods of time (holding posture)

Question 21

What are type. 1 fibers

Answer 21

slow twitch

Question 22

Which gender have larger muscle fibers

Answer 22

Men

Question 23

What is the sarcolemma

Answer 23

Muscular membrane which will increase the rapid spread of the electrical conduction

Question 24

What does the sarcolemma do

Answer 24

Assists with nutritional transport and protein synthesis

Question 25

What do the Na/K pumps do

Answer 25

Keep the charge gradient to allow for conduction (#1 pump in the body)

Question 26

What do T tubules do and where are they found

Answer 26

Found in cardiac and skeletal muscle Helps with rapid conduction

Question 27

Where are mitochondria in the muscle found and what do they do

Answer 27

Found within the sarcoplasm and they form ATP

Question 28

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 28

Help with calcium transport and calcium storage

Question 29

How is calcium useful in the muscle

Answer 29

Electrolyte that is required for muscle contraction

Question 30

Where do nerves branch off of for voluntary skeletal muscle control

Answer 30

anterior horn

Question 31

What determines the rate of muscular fatigue and fine motor movement

Answer 31

Number of muscle fibers innervated by each nerve branch

Question 32

What does more nerve fibers allow for

Answer 32

Less muscle fatigue but also less precise movement

Question 33

What is the funtional contractile protein of the muscle fiber

Answer 33

myofibril

Question 34

What do sarcomeres contain

Answer 34

actin and myosin

Question 35

Where are sarcomeres found and what are they made up of

Answer 35

They run parallel to the myofibril and are made up of repeating protein series

Question 36

What separates sarcomeres

Answer 36

Z Disc

Question 37

What is a thick band made up of

Answer 37

Myosin

Question 38

What is a thin band made up of

Answer 38

actin

Question 39

What does titin do

Answer 39

Help muscles spring back from contraction... muscle elasticity (Z line)

Question 40

What does myosin help with

Answer 40

Contraction via the utilization of ATP

Question 41

What does troponin do

Answer 41

Helps with actin-myosin activation by allowing Calcium to bind

Question 42

What is tropomyosin and what does it do

Answer 42

Regulatory protein that helps structural support and maintains filament length

Question 43

What does the troponin complex do

Answer 43

Keeps the active potential binding sites of the actin covered

Question 44

What does creatinine measure

Answer 44

Kidney function

Question 45

When is creatinine kinase found

Answer 45

Rhabdo

Question 46

What is rhabdo

Answer 46

When a person gets rehydrated, the kidneys become flooded with creatinine and its clogs the kidney filter -> kidney failure

Question 47

What are the steps in muscle contraction

Answer 47

excitation coupling contraction relaxation

Question 48

When is action potential transmitted

Answer 48

After the first nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction

Question 49

What happens when the action potential is triggered

Answer 49

Calcium is released

Question 50

What happens during the coupling stage

Answer 50

calcium goes to the myofilament which causes tropomyosin to release actin

Question 51

What happens during the contraction stage

Answer 51

When troponin is released, the actin will slide toward thick filament Myosin head attaches to actin = cross bridging

Question 52

What is released during bridging in the contraction phase

Answer 52

ATP is released

Question 53

What happens in the relaxation phase

Answer 53

Calcium is reabsorbed within the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 54

What happens with calcium is reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 54

actin is rebound bridge is released Relaxation occurs

Question 55

What is the first step in muscle contraction

Answer 55

Acetylcholine is released from the terminal end of the neuromuscular junction

Question 56

What happens after acetylcholine is released

Answer 56

The t-tubules are depolarized via the Na+/K exchange (Increasing the charge)

Question 57

What does the t-tubule depolarization cause

Answer 57

The release of stored calcium from the sarcolemma

Question 58

What will prime the muscles involved with contraction

Answer 58

agonist

Question 59

What does an antagonist do during muscle contraction

Answer 59

relax in order to allow the agonist to complete the task

Question 60

What does the stretch response ensure

Answer 60

appropriate muscle tone

Question 61

What activates the stretch response

Answer 61

Spindles activate the stretch response spindles are the mechanoreceptors

Question 62

What type of muscle is skeletal muscle

Answer 62

Voluntary, striated muscle with several nuclei

Question 63

What causes striations in the muscle

Answer 63

sarcomeres

Question 64

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle and some key characteristics

Answer 64

Striated involuntary only one nucleus per cell

Question 65

What are two big differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 65

NA+/K depolarizes more readily is cardiac muscle CA+ induces muscular contraction more easily is cardiac muscle Contains more mitochondria than skeletal

Question 66

What type of muscle is smooth muscle

Answer 66

non-striated

Question 67

What are characteristics of smooth muscle

Answer 67

Uninucleated fusiform cell more elastic spread of depolarization allows for a spiral corkscrew pattern lacks sarcolemma

Question 68

What are examples of unitary smooth muscle

Answer 68

GI/GU systems (Visceral)

Question 69

What are smooth muscles controlled by

Answer 69

Autonomic nervous system

Question 70

How do smooth muscles move

Answer 70

They are electrically coupled to each other to create a rhythmic contraction and connected via gap junctions

Question 71

What are examples of multiunit smooth muscles

Answer 71

Pupils for dilation/constriction, Bronchial smooth muscle, tunica media, erector pili

Question 72

How do multiunit smooth muscles move

Answer 72

They have their own individual nerve endings

Question 73

What does creatinine measure

Answer 73

Kidney function

Question 74

If a patient has an increase in their creatinine, what is it indicative of

Answer 74

Kidney failure

Question 75

When is creatinine kinase found

Answer 75

Rhabdo