Sprains strains and fractures

Question 1

What is a linear fracture

Answer 1

Fx that runs along the axis to the bone, parallel to the outer cortex

Question 2

What is the most common fracture orientation

Answer 2

Transverse

Question 3

What is a transverse fracture and how does it occur

Answer 3

Fx line perpendicular to the length of the bone

involves are cortices

Can be displaced

Question 4

What is an oblique fracture

Answer 4

Fx line that runs diagonally to the length of the bone

Question 5

How is an oblique fx different from a spiral fx

Answer 5

Oblique is shorter than spiral

Question 6

What is a spiral fx

Answer 6

Fx that runs around the bone encircling it

Look for rotational lines and listen to hx

Question 7

What causes a spiral fx

Answer 7

High energy impact

Question 8

What is an impacted fx

Answer 8

Fx fragments get pushed together (Typically in vertebrae)

Question 9

What disease is often associated with compression fx

Answer 9

Osteoporosis

Question 10

What is an enthesis

Answer 10

Insertion site for a tendon or ligament

Question 11

What is an adventitious bursa

Answer 11

Those that develop over time, secondary to chronic friction

Question 12

If a patient comes in with normal ROM, Swelling, Warmth, and erythema over a joint… what might their diagnosis be

Answer 12

Bursitis

Question 13

Which type of bursa are more likely to become infected

Answer 13

Superficial

Question 14

What is generally the mechanism behind a muscle strain

Answer 14

Quick, forced motion such that muscles are strained beyond normal

Question 15

What is a grade 1 muscle strain

Answer 15

Pain but no deformity, seen in untrained athletes

Question 16

What is a grade 2 muscle strain

Answer 16

Muscle body is intact but there are some torn fibers, swelling, pain, and bruising

Question 17

What is a grade 3 muscle strain

Answer 17

Trauma resulting in tearing of fascia and muscle. Will see notable deformity

Question 18

What is the mechanism of injury for a transverse fx

Answer 18

Direct blow to the bone

Question 19

What is an avulsion fx

Answer 19

Piece of bone breaks off at the ligament or tendon insertion site

Question 20

What is an intracapsular fx

Answer 20

Fx line that extends into the joint capsule

Question 21

If a patient comes in with an intracapsular fx what are they at higher risk for

Answer 21

Osteoarthritis and long term joint dysfunction

Question 22

What is an extra capsular fx

Answer 22

Joint capsule is not violated

Question 23

What is a greenstick fx

Answer 23

Outer cortex of one side of the bone fractures with splintering extending into the spongy bone

Question 24

Who generally gets greenstick fx

Answer 24

Children and elderly

Question 25

Which bone is generally affected by a greenstick fx

Answer 25

Tibia, radius, ulna

Question 26

What is another name for a buckle fx

Answer 26

Torus fx

Question 27

What is a buckle fx

Answer 27

Cortex squishes down and bulges outward but the bone does not break

Question 28

What is the mechanism of injury with a buckle fx

Answer 28

FOOSH Axial loading of the bone

Question 29

What is a bowing fx

Answer 29

Bone will bend instead of break

Question 30

What is the mechanism of injury with a bowing fx

Answer 30

Longitudinal force

Question 31

What is a stress fx

Answer 31

pathological fx where the stress placed on the bone is greater than it can handle

Question 32

What type of people generally have stress fx

Answer 32

Military or runners

Question 33

Which bones are generally affected by stress fx

Answer 33

Lower extremities Spine in elderly

Question 34

What is a pathologic fracture

Answer 34

Fracture that occurs at the site of disease or weakness

Question 35

What pathologies can lead to a pathologic fx

Answer 35

Osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, bone tumor

Question 36

Where are the most common areas for a pathologic fx

Answer 36

Subtrochanteric, humeral head, and vertebral body

Question 37

What are the two different forms of the healing process

Answer 37

Direct and indirect

Question 38

What is part of the direct healing process

Answer 38

Primary healing of the cortex (Bone aligns) Often through ORIF

Question 39

What is part of the indirect healing process

Answer 39

Secondary healing where callus forms around uneven bone surfaces, eventually leading to remodeling

Question 40

What is a non-union healing complication

Answer 40

Gap edges between the fracture pieces of bone fills with tissue instead of bone

Question 41

What is a delayed union healing process

Answer 41

Healing is still occurring 8-9 months after initial injury

Question 42

What is a malunion healing complication

Answer 42

Incorrect alignment of bone