Muscular System Ch 5

Question 1

What is another name to describe the distal attachment?

Answer 1

Insertion

Question 2

What is another name to describe the proximal attachment?

Answer 2

Origin

Question 3

What is the term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no farther even through more joint range of motion is possible?

Answer 3

Active insufficiency

Question 4

Is walking downhill a concentric or eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?

Answer 4

Eccentric

Question 5

Identify the following in terms of open or closed kinetic chain exercises?
A. Wheelchair push ups?
B. Exercises with weight cuffs?
C. Overhead wall pulleys?

Answer 5

Wheelchair push ups = closed
Exercises with weight cuffs = open
Overhead wall pulleys = open

Question 6

What position would a person have to be in to perform shoulder abduction and adduction in a gravity eliminated position?

Answer 6

Supine or prone lying

Question 7

The rectus femoris flexes the hip and extends the knee. The vastus medialis extends only the knee. In what position must the hip and knee be place to be able to stretch the vastus medialis?

Answer 7

Hip flexed to place the rectus femoris on slack w/ the knee flexed

Question 8

If you wanted a muscle to lift a very strong load, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

Answer 8

Oblique

Question 9

If you wanted a muscle to contract through a very great range, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

Answer 9

Parallel

Question 10

Describe parallel muscle?

Answer 10

Longer muscle fibers w/ greater ROM potential

Question 11

Describe oblique muscle?

Answer 11

Shorter muscle fibers
Greater strength potential
Smaller ROM
More numerous per given area than parallel fibers

Question 12

What shapes can parallel fibered muscles be?

Answer 12

Strap
Fusiform
Rhombodial (rectangular)
Triangular

Question 13

Describe the characteristics of a strap shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 13

Long and thin with fibers running the length of the muscle

ie- sartorius, rectus abdominis, SCM

Question 14

Describe the characteristics of a fusiform shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 14

Wider in the middle and tapers are both ends where it attaches to the tendon
Most but not all fibers run the length of the muscle
Can be long or short, large or small
ie- biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

Question 15

Describe the characteristics of a rhomboidal shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 15

Four sided, usually flat w/ broad attachment at each end

ie- pronator quadratus, rhomboids, gluteus maxius

Question 16

Describe the characteristics of a triangular shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 16

Flat and fan shaped w/ fibers from a narrow attachment to one end to a broad attachment at the other
ie- pec major

Question 17

Describe the characteristics of a unipennate shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 17

One sided feather
A series of short fibers attaching diagonally along a central tendon
ie- semimembranous, tibialis posterior, flexor pollicis longus of hand

Question 18

Describe the characteristics of a bipennate shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 18

A feather
Fibers area obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon
ie- rectus femoris and interossei

Question 19

Describe the characteristics of a multipennate shaped muscles? Give examples of some?

Answer 19

Have many tendons w/ oblique fibers in between

ie- deltoid and subscapularis muscles

Question 20

What refers to the force built up within a muscle?

Answer 20

Tension

Question 21

What is the length of a muscle when it is unstimulated?

Answer 21

Normal resting length

Question 22

What is irritability?

Answer 22

The ability to respond to a stimulus

Question 23

This is the muscle’s ability to shorten or contract when it receives adequate stimulation?

Answer 23

Contractility

Question 24

What is the muscles ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied?

Answer 24

Extensibility

Question 25

What is elasticity?

Answer 25

The muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed

Question 26

What is slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times?

Answer 26

Tone

Question 27

Name the term that describes the distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening?

Answer 27

Excursion

Question 28

When is a muscle at its strongest?

Answer 28

When it is put on stretch prior to contracting

Question 29

When does passive insufficiency occur?

Answer 29

Occurs when a muscle can not be elongated any farther without damage to its fibers

Question 30

Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle contracts and the muscle length and joint angle changes?

Answer 30

Isotonic contraction

Question 31

Which type of contraction occurs when there is joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen?

Answer 31

Eccentric contraction

Question 32

Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle contracts producing force without changing the length of muscle?

Answer 32

Isometric contraction

Question 33

Which type of contraction occurs when there is a joint movement , the muscles shorten and the muscle attachments move towards each other?

Answer 33

Concentric contraction

Question 34

Describe an isokinetic contraction?

Answer 34

Resistance varies, if the person pushes harder the machine will give more resistance Speed is preset and stays the same ie- cybex orthotron machine is used to produce isokinetic contractions

Question 35

What is a muscle or muscle group that causes the motion? What else could it be referred to as

Answer 35

agonist | prime mover

Question 36

What is a co-contraction?

Answer 36

When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the agonist Provides joint stabilization during normal movement

Question 37

What is a muscle that assists in providing motion?

Answer 37

Assisting mover

Question 38

What is an antagonist? Give an example?

Answer 38

A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist | Elbow flexion: triceps = antagonist/ biceps = agonist

Question 39

What is a stabilizer? Give an example?

Answer 39

A muscle or muscle group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently. ie- in a push-up Agonist = elbow extensor muscles Stabilizers = abdominal muscles keep the trunk straight while the arms move the trunk up and down

Question 40

What is a neutralizer?

Answer 40

If a muscle can do two or more actions but only one is wanted a neutralizer contracts to prevent unwanted motions

Question 41

Give an example of a neutralizer?

Answer 41

Biceps can FLEX elbow and SUPINATE the forearm, if elbow flexion is wanted, to rule out the supination motion, the pronator teres muscle contracts to counter act supination

Question 42

What is a muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion?

Answer 42

Synergist

Question 43

What is a closed kinetic chain?

Answer 43

Distal segment is fixed (closed) and proximal segment moves Closed chain exercises work multiple joints and multiple muscle groups at once ie- push ups, , pull-ups, rowing machine, stationary bike, and stair stepper, mini squats, wall slides, lunges

Question 44

What is a open kinetic chain?

Answer 44

Distal segment is free to move while the proximal segment is fixed These types of movements tend to isolate a single muscle group and a single joint ie- seated knee extension or flexion, dumbbell chest press, bicep curls